Death of a Salesman Essay

‘Death of a Salesman’ tells us a lot about the ideology of the author, Arthur Miller. His main character Willy is a normal man who feels he is a failure because he doesn’t average ‘a hundred and seventy dollars a week’ which causes him to become suicidal. Miller is trying to tell the audience that ambitions and dreams can take over our lives and destroy them in the process. Biff says ‘I don’t know what I’m supposed to want’ as if there was one dream to fulfil otherwise you have failed. The pressure surrounding dreams is far too great and sometimes we have to come to terms with the fact they cannot be accomplished. Arthur Miller is also exploring the fact that success doesn’t only involve career, money and popularity. Happy has his ‘own apartment, a car and plenty of women’ but comes to realise that he still not satisfied. He tells Biff that ‘I’m lonely. ‘ Money may make you financially successful but it does not secure your happiness. Willy is only preoccupied with living up to his idol, Dave Singleman. Dave Singleman is a salesman who ‘drummed merchandise in thirty-one states’ and could just ‘pick up his phone and call the buyers, and without ever leaving his room, at the age of eighty-four, he made his living. ‘ This is Willy’s ultimate fantasy, to make his name known and to be able to work from home. Hundreds of salesman and buyers were at Dave Singleman’s funeral, Willy believes that this greatest sign of popularity and honour. Arthur Miller creates one of the most heart-wrenching scenes in the Requiem when no one shows up at Willy’s funeral other than his family and neighbour. Not only does ‘Death of a Salesman’ inform the audience about Arthur Miller’s opinions on success, failure and dreams, it tells them what he thinks of his own country. This play is set in America, Miller’s home country, in the 1940s. It is a vigorous attack on American values. He disapproves of the belief that money and public esteem are signs of excellence. Willy Loman is a victim of this system. This becomes evident when he does not believe that Bernard will not be successful because he is not ‘well-liked. ‘ The American Dream is the concept that through hard work and dedication, anyone can be successful. Through Willy’s character, Arthur Miller shows us that he disagrees with this belief. The theme of The American Dream runs through the entire play, Willy is a firm believer in it. At first, this concept seems to be inspirational and advantageous but it is the very thing that kills Willy. This play shows the audience that The American Dream encourages superficial prejudice against those who do not achieve it. This causes pressure and insecurity for those who are not ‘rich’ and ‘well-liked. ‘ It examines the cost of blind faith in the American Dream. Despite being written over fifty years ago, this play is still important and relevant today. The play is a tragedy and many people can empathize with Willy’s character. Willy is not superhuman, he is just a man. Moreover, The American Dream is still very much alive today. People flood over from all over the world to come to America to search for fame and fortune, only a few ever achieve it. In conclusion, Arthur Miller allows the audience to see the inside of Willy’s by Time-switches and expressing his ideology and beliefs on success, failure, dreams and America. ‘Death of a Salesman’ addresses the painful conflicts within one family, but it also tackles larger issues regarding American national values. A half century after it was written, this play remains a powerful drama. It is even more relevant today in a world where materialism is such a major problem. There is a part of everyone in the character Willy Loman. Written by Emily Kho – 1 – Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

How far do the sources agree that the philosophy of separate spheres implied that women were inferior to men? Essay

Source one is implying that men and women are different and it’s due to God’s decision. He made the decision to have them in separate spheres. What makes the difference bigger and more significant was that women weren’t educated unlike males and their manners were vastly different. From the source it says, â€Å"They are designed to move in separate spheres but occasionally to unite together, in order to soften each other.† This is suggesting that God wanted men and women to be different and have almost no interaction when at work and just away in general from the house. They’re placed in two separate spheres and are isolated from each other when at work as men and women had very different jobs. When a woman managed to get a job it was highly likely to be something involved in domestic labour around the household of a person who was of a middle or upper-class status. Men on the other hand had a much larger variety of jobs to work towards and have, as men were seen as much smarter and stronger than women. This actual source was adapted from The Christian Library : Volume 8, published 1836. This source is strictly about what exactly a Christian believer has learnt and what they believe, as women weren’t educated they were never seen as intelligent people and were treated alost like animals in the household. Being told what to do by their husbands and in general men as if they were some sort of pet. In source two, it’s explained that it’s impossible to assert the superiority of either man or woman. It says, â€Å"It is impossible to assert the superiority of either man or woman, because their separate spheres are so different.† It’s saying that men and women are so different due to their separate spheres and roles being so unlike one another. Due to the way they’re both brought up so differently at a young age they’re never connected together, as men were seen as superior and were educated unlike women. They were dominant and should go to school for an education when women would learn how to cook and clean and basically learn how to serve their husbands for the future. â€Å"That man is a fool who is continually referring to the inferiority of the opposite sex. And the woman is worse who is always asserting either her equality or her superiority to the man.† Here it suggests that men believe in women being inferior to men and have grown up knowing that. This source was taken from Mary Tucker Magill, Women, or, Chronicles of the Late War. The text was written by a female and she says that men who say that women are inferior to men are ‘fools’. This woman has striked back and said that women aren’t inferior. Mary Tucker Magill then says that the women who always say and are certain that women are either equal or superior to men. In her opinion women weren’t inferior to men but neither were they equal or superior. This then leads and gives evidence to the firt part of the texts where it says that men and women can’t be compared and that they can’t assert who is more superior. This third source is from John Milton Williams, Women Suffrage. In this text the writer identifies just how muc women do for their husbands and a huge majority of it is behind closed doors which leads to people not recognising. â€Å"Women has not to call the ballot-box, but she has a sphere of her own, of amazing responsibility and importance.† Here, the writer has said that women have ‘amazing’ responsibility and importance, women in this text have been called out as having much larger roles than in the other two texts. â€Å"She is the divinely appointed guardian of the home. She should more fully realise that her position is the hoilest, most responsible, and queenlike assigned to mortals, and dismiss all ambition for anything higher, as there is nothing else here so high for mortals.† In this text, separate spheres isn’t clearly outlined in the text but you can see that women’s roles are distinctive in this text. The roles have been delegated and men aren’t mentioned suggesting that they aren’t capable of performing these tasks frequently like women or at all. This text also supports the ‘Angel of the House’ as it says â€Å"She is the divinely appointed guardian of the home.† Divinely meaning supremely good or beautiful also helps to show that this text suggests that only women are capable of these tasks as they’re ‘queenlike’ in their own household. It’s almost like their house is their kingdom and they have ti keep it in perfect condition for the ‘King’ of the household for when he returns from work as the female stays at home. The three sources akk have unique opinions on the concept of separate spheres but source one and two are the easier texts to identify it from. Source one is written for Christian believers to read and it seems to be that they believe that God placed the difference between the two genders at the start with the chance that they could bring equality together but instead the differences had increased because of the people choosing to only educate men during that period of time. There is a part in the text in which it explains that men and women do meet and that is through marriage and living in the same household, work is not mentioned. Source two is from a female’s point of view and she suggests that women and men can’t be chosen between for who is more superior due to the idea of separate spheres, because this has been implemented they can no longer be compared to as they go on separate paths (go into separate spheres) and play different roles in society implying that women aren’t inferior to men. The third source implies that women shouldn’t play or have the same roles as men as they have important jobs at home and it’s seen as a full time job for women. Again showing the separate spheres idea as women should only have one particular job and that’s to be at home.

Transport Demand Management in National Parks Dissertation

Transport Demand Management in National Parks - Dissertation Example Lyndhurst is a civil parish and village located at England’s new Forest in Hampshire. The village forms the administrative center of the New Forest, which bears the district council. It is a popular tourist attraction center and has numerous independent shops, cafes, hotels, restaurants, pubs, art galleries and an 18-hole golf course. These facilities cater for the demands of local population and the tourists. According to the Census data of 2001, Lyndhurst had a population of 2,973 of which, 37% were economically active, 20% are the retired and only 2% are not employed. The average age is 47 years. 77% of the property is owner occupied while 23% is rented (COUNCIL FOR THE PROTECTION OF RURAL ENGLAND, 1988). Lyndhurst is 14 kilometers away from Southampton city to the North-east. Geographically, Lyndhurst village forms the meeting point on the route A35 which runs from the Southampton City to the northeast to Lymington town, situated on the south coast. This link creates a very large volume of traffic, which prompts the usage of one way. Most of the motorists miss parking spaces while seeking for refreshments, meals or even when making stopovers. During season of summer, the traffic swells because of the tourist inflow in to the region. As a result, there is limited space for parking. Transport Demand Management is a strategy that applies programs, policies, products and services to trim down the travel order especially among the private vehicle users or restructure the travel demand in to time and space. Actually, the Transport Demand management deals with Transit improvements, Transit incentives, Pay-as-drive insurance, Parking management/pricing and Road pricing. Several studies points out to the growth of economy as the primary reason behind establishing a good parking management, organization, supervision and parking pricing without incorporating other factors like the repercussions on health, time spending and emotional frustrations that come up with limited parking space. According to Fischer (2009),  the Transport Demand Management strategy controls the parking prices and the amount of parking available in all the public places across the UK. Transport Demand Management benefits the local communities by lowering their healthcare costs, reducing traffic congestion, increasing their return from investments on transit, carpooling, cycling and public transport systems (Black & Schreffler, 2010). The employers may get low parking rates and better employee retention where as the individuals gain by saving time and costs of delay, convenience and good health (Black, 1997). This collateral research paper explores the proposition of Transport Demand Management is to push for best option available towards solving problems related to the limited parking space in Lyndhurst. Policies on Parking Management The developers should provide the localities with the minimum space for every type of development depending on the magnitude of the development. The costs of developments determines the pricing for parking spaces, as such, parking seem to be offered

The Concepts of HR Management in Japan Research Paper

The Concepts of HR Management in Japan - Research Paper Example HR managers, for instance, might be foreseeing the organization's enduring hiring needs based on demands of company growth and proficiency requirements. Or they might be increasing organization-wide human resource information systems that trail all of the information concerning employees that used to be stored on paper in file drawers. Or they can be benchmarking company HR practices against industry competitors (Konrad, A.M., and Linnehan, F., 1999). All these are big, protracted jobs, and they do not leave HR managers many resources sagging to deal with the fundamental tasks (e.g., hiring, firing, and training etc.) that used to be the restricted area of the HR department. In Japan, there are different concepts concerning the continued viability of concepts of HRM, shushinkoyo is among that popular concept in large Japanese firms. Kobayashi of Aoyama Gakuin University believes that the three foundations of Japanese human resource management shushinkoyo, nenko joretsu, and kigyo-betsu rodokumiai (long-term employment, the seniority system, and enterprise-based unions) are crumbling and that there are most important changes ahead (Kilburn, 1994:45 ). Kobayashi points out that while major corporations can still retain much of the substance of long-term employment by off-loading excess employees to subsidiaries or associates, few now see this as more than a stopgap solution. Noguchi of Hitotsubashi University states that white-collar employees require to get used to the idea that they can lose their jobs (Rosario, 1993:22 ). Noguchi believes that it is a long-term trend that will not go away when the economy picks up. It is not just employers who are having subsequent thoughts about shushinkoyo. More and more employees themselves have an aspiration to seek new opportunities outside their present company. In Japan, a term borrowed from English 'u-turn' refers to the trend of leaving big city jobs to go to smaller towns so as to enjoy a better lifestyle or freedom from the constraints of working in a large company. The number of employees opting for the 'u-turn' saw a considerable increase from the mid-eighties. Fundamental HR activities in Japan are progressively more being decentralized and handed off to managers like line managers working front-and-center. That is a good thing, for the most part. After all, you are the one who is working with your employees' day in and day out. Pucik and Hatvany (1983) summarize Japanese HRM strategies as (1) the development of an internal labor market, (2) company philosophies that stress strong ties between the company and employees and (3) an exhaustive socialization process that emphasizes co-operation and teamwork. The first strategy, the development of an internal labor market, requires the practice of shushinkoyo. As the Japanese firm recruits fresh graduates with the intention of employing them during the foremost portion of their productive lives. The subsequent strategy is implemented by taking advantage of collectivist tendencies and creating a strong bond between the employee and the company through socialization and the way benefits are structured. The third strategy is achieved by the encouragement of a group-oriented mentality.

No Name Woman in Maxine Hong Kingston's Writing Essay

No Name Woman in Maxine Hong Kingston's Writing - Essay Example The family reacted by proclaiming, "Death is coming. Look what you've done. You've killed us". They were not saddened by the husband or the aunt's condition. They feared the wrath of the villagers and the gods. The aunt's suicide would be yet one more transgression of a Chinese taboo. As much as the pregnancy would bring anger from the gods, a suicide would bring embarrassment to the family. She would be punished for this by stripping her of her name, identity, and history. The author's expository essay paints a graphic picture of a woman who did not exist. Her visualization of the aunt's final hours brings the reader closer to the woman and generates empathy for her situation. By making the aunt human, Kingston has brought her to life and placed her punishment in contrast to her sin. By fictionally creating the story, the author has also minimized her own guilt built up from years of silence. Kingston confesses, "[...] they want me to participate in her punishment. And I have". By w riting this essay, she has undone the years of neglect the story has been subjected to. Kingston is making a statement in "No Name Woman" that illustrates the gender bias of the Chinese culture. She show's that even in her most innocent light, that of having been raped, the aunt is still an outcast and humiliating to the family.  Time and distance could not erase the uneasiness of the events. Yet, the perpetrator of the sin was never revealed as if the simple act of being a male could dissolve all responsibility. The author demonstrates this when she recounts, "The other man was not, after all, much different from her husband. They both gave orders: she followed.  

Human Resource Management Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human Resource Management Master - Case Study Example They have been, and continue to be, committed to Equal Opportunity Employment regardless of creed or any other factors that are not job related (Wall and Wood, 2005, 429-462). The company policy is to remove barriers to employment opportunities and to ensure that access to jobs is based strictly on an individual's competencies. Role of senior management and the line management (Wall and Wood, 2005, 429-462): The MAS Competencies represents the range of competencies that supports successful performance in job roles within the organization. It describes behaviours that will make a person competent and successful. MAS's competency framework (Noe, 2007, 4): Once the Induction program is completed the recruit will be directed to his/her respective department. The employee will first undergo on the job training for duration depending on the position and the department (Daft and Marcic, 2005, 145-327). During this period the employee is required to understand the core functions of the job. Thereafter he/she will undergo a further training on other departments, which are directly relevant to his / her day-to-day activities. The departmental manager and HR manager will identify duration and the schedule of this program. (Wall and Wood, 2005, 429-462) MAS being an ethical apparel manufacturer believe that the employees are the most valuable asset. Linea Aqua, as an SBU of MAS, offers a large number of reward schemes to its employees with the intention of uplifting their living standards and to motivate them to perform at best in their job role (Kane & Grant, 2009, 494-515). Transport, Food, Medical facilities, Scholarships to their children, EPF and ETF contributions are some of the basic hygiene factors that they offer (Schweiger and Sumners, 2007, 3-7). Apart from above, there are number of work/performance related reward schemes that Linea Aqua offers to

Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Planning - Essay Example Strategic planning may be one individual’s job, but it gets very risky when it is so. To make strategic planning practicable, it is imperative that teamwork is involved in this process. Strategic planning is based on cooperation among the team members that make it. Different people have specific skills and expertise in different fields. Strategic planning, particularly in the contemporary age, is based on the cooperation of experts having specific skills in distinct fields including technology, planning, and management. Coordination is fundamental to the success of strategic planning. Planning is made strategic when a team of experts from different origins and backgrounds and having association with different organizations, cultures, or subcultures are united at one platform and are told the objective that needs to be achieved. â€Å"†¦engaged leadership in the whole process of strategic planning including the implementation, particularly with regard to the three Cs is t he key to success† (Zomorrodian, 2011, p. 1130). Hence, the role and importance of the three C’s in the process of strategic planning cannot be overemphasized. Strategic planning can be understood as assessment of an organization’s needs for the advancement of its goals and missions in a particular time period. When collaboration is integrated into this process, it provides the organization with a way to exchange knowledge, skills, and competencies with different people participating in the process so that the goals can be modified and development can be ensued. This imparts the need to have enough resources as well as a culture that appreciates and encourages cooperation and teamwork. Cooperation plays the role of a catalyst when integrated in the process of strategic planning as it counteracts competition among the team members. Cooperation means development of

The History of Fire Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The History of Fire Service - Essay Example These are for example electrical fires, ordinary combustible fires, flammable liquids and gases among others (Rhodes, 2006). This paper is a critical evaluation of the history of fire service primarily in the US. Fire fighting is an activity which is believed to have existed immediately after the invention of fire by the early man. However, it is in Egypt that first attempts to mechanize the process are noted, with Ctesibus developing a hand held pump capable of producing a jet of water which was directed at the source of fire in an attempt to extinguish it (Smith, 1994). During this period it is notable that there were no efficient mechanisms for fighting fire as most of the societies applied crude methods such as the use of buckets to throw water on fire, which produced little results as most of the efforts ended up salvaging none of the intended property. Apparently, the use of buckets involved people forming two parallel lines whereby one line was for passing buckets full of water from one person to the other up from the water source while the other involved the passing of the emptied buckets from one person to the other back to the water source (Jennes, 2010). As it may seem, this was a tedious affair which exposed the said people i.e. bucket brigades to fatigue thereby reducing their productivity. Each bucket had its owner’s name written on it and as a measure to ensure sufficiency different categories of people were required by the authorities to possess a certain number of buckets depending on the potential risk of fire outbreak. Bakers for example were required to have at least three buckets while brewers had to have at least six buckets, which is as at the late 1600s (Jennes, 2010). Most importantly, the people who worked as fire fighters, during this time, had no special skills acquired through training as most of them were volunteers from the society. The government, in this case US, had not instituted any systematic and

Children of Immigrants in Qubec - Theoretical Framework Research Paper

Children of Immigrants in Qubec - Theoretical Framework - Research Paper Example The case study followed three post-secondary students whose first language was French and studied the degree and application of academic biliteracy that each student demonstrated in his or her academic writing assignments. The case study took place in Ottawa, Canada, which as the capital of Canada is a fully bilingual environment, both French and English. The author chose this article because the theoretical framework applied in this particular study has similar resonance and application to the author’s topic of "Children of Immigrants in Quebec". The goal of this paper is to discuss the key aspects of theoretical frameworks and demonstrate why researchers develop and apply theoretical frameworks to their academic study topics in the field of education. The theoretical framework used by Guillaume Gentil relates in several cases to the key themes that the author is currently pursuing in the "Children of Immigrants in Quebec" study, most notably the ideas of individual voices an d construction of identity as it pertains to first language. Guillaume Gentil built theoretical framework using elements from the continua model of biliteracy developed by Hornberger; the critical social theory work created by Bourdieu and also applied philosophical hermeneutics to the framework (Bourdieu, 1998; Hornberger, 1989). Guillaume Gentil applied this framework to test his hypothesis that â€Å"individual biliterate development [is] a subjective and intersubjective evaluative response to social contexts of possibilities for biliteracy† (Gentil, 2005, p. 421). Upon the completion of the two and a half year case study, the research that Guillaume Gentil amassed, including examination of each case study member’s compromises and sometimes circuitous routes followed in order to fully commit to and uphold a bilingual academic writing environment in an landscape dominated by English demonstrated â€Å"the challenges and resources of bilingual writers to uphold their commitment to academic biliteracy within English-dominant institutional and disciplinary contexts† (Gentil, 2005, p. 421). Similarly, within the topic of "Children of Immigrants in Quebec", multiple challenges arise for first generation children of immigrant parents in Quebec to commit to and adhere to an often multilingual environment, including the language or languages spoken at home, the cultural link to the languages spoken in the home country and the bilingual environment of the province of Quebec. The overall goal therefore is to demonstrate the author’s comprehension of the concept of theoretical frameworks, using Gentil's theoretical framework to relate to the topic of "Children of Immigrants in Quebec". The paper will begin with a discussion of the theories Guillaume Gentil applied to build the theoretical framework of Commitments to Academic Biliteracy: Case Studies of Francophone University Writers and analyze their importance to the study. The paper will a lso analyze the theoretical framework of this study and draw parallels between it and the "Children of Immigrants in Quebec" study. Theoretical Frameworks: Overview The main purpose and value of a theoretical framework is to prove the specific hypothesis that the researcher develops (Anfara & Mertz, 2006; Cline, n.d.). A theoretical frame

Physical Environment Of South And East Asia Essay

Physical Environment Of South And East Asia - Essay Example The islands have not be left behind as they also boast of rivers such as the Borneo and the Indonesian rivers. Extensive lowland is also another feature that is evident in the region and is separated by the mountain ranges and the forested hills. As a resulted of the physical conditions in the region, the people are taking part in rice planting on the fertile plains. This is seen in places such as Burma and Vietnam. Long coastlines have formed an important physical aspect of the region that promotes trade among the people and movement from one region to another. Another evident physical feature in the region is the presence of the seas that are marked by shallow ends and few deep underground trenches. As a result, they are warm throughout the year and are not saline. These conditions are favorable for the growth and prevalence of sea fish, coral, and seaweeds. The region’s landscape is dominated by mountains whose peaks are below ten thousand feet. The mountains form a very in tegral part of the region as they seem to create political and geographical boundaries. Indian and China are separated by the Northern and Western highlands thus forming a major factor that separates the two regions. Cordilleras in the region are three and seem to run north to south. The cordilleras include a Bilauktaung range that lies between Thailand and Myanmar, the Arakan Yoma range that is located in western part of Myanmar and the Annam Cordillera that marks the boundary between Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Biodiversity Museum exhibit Presentation Essay Example for Free

Biodiversity Museum exhibit Presentation Essay Very little is known about biodiversity and its effect on livelihood and the environment. In order to clearly understand where we are coming from a clear definition of the broad concept is in order Biodiversity is the difference in number, frequency and variety of living organisms in an ecological system. This includes plants, animals, birds, fish among others. Basically this term encompasses variety of ecosystems species, and relative abundance (http://www. equalearth. org/wildlifeextinction. htm ). Importance of Biodiversity. Tropical rainforests are dying or being cut down at a faster rate than be replaced. The rainforests play a vital role in water catchments areas and are home to thousands of birds spices and animals. The replacement of these forest with artificial ones is insufficient because the rainforest support undergrowth and attract more rain. Animals species take millions of years to adapt to their habitat and no human being should fuel elimination of such progress. Biodiversity sustains our own survival as well as that of the global economy. The small millipedes play a profound role of improving the quality of our soils. The same also goes for the fungi, algae, and bacteria among other microorganisms. These organisms aerate the soils, incorporate crucial elements like minerals and nitrogen. Additionally ecosystems in marshes remove excess nutrients from the soil. A good example is the mollusus. The forests reduce soil erosion through wind and water. What’s more, forests hold the soil firmly together thus preventing landslides. Furthermore, biodiversity ensures stabilization of the climate in the sense that they act as repositories of CO2 in exchange for O2, act as wind breakers and lessen the brunt of freezing temperatures. Other benefits include controlling natural disasters, pollinations of plants by the bees and birds thus better crop production and such like. On a different note biodiversity provide food security, aesthetic, medicinal bioprospecting, spiritual healing and value. Virginia is an area rich in biodiversity with variety of native plants and animals. It is important that this ecosystem is preserved and hence it is important to educate visitors on the causes of wildlife extinction. Deforestation is one reason that causes extinction as humans destroy forest to build roads, cultivate and other infrastructure. In US only 15% of tropical forest remains. Other causes of wildlife extinction include poaching, habitat degradation (through mining), animal diseases, pollution and overexploitation (http://www. equalearth. org/wildlifeextinction. htm ). The aquatic life is also not spared. Whales, Atlantic cod, bald eagle and others are hunted town piercely for economic gains especially whale oil. Water pollution has also killed several aquatic species in a short duration. The impact of wildlife extinction on our world increases as the destruction of ecosystem progresses. This is because each species of living organism has a role in maintaining a balance in the system. If one species becomes extinct the whole system is destabilized. For example the food consumed by that species will overpopulate causing the others that fed it to reduce. Extinction of wildlife depraves future generations from knowing nature as it was. The extinction of dinosores millions of years ago stripped humanity of the knowledge of such creatures. Extinction of species also die hence food insecurity and economic loss. The relationship between wildlife extinction and deforestation is clear cut. The rainforests support life of over a million species of plant and animals. Deforestation Randers these animals homeless and without food to eat. The destruction of their habitat forces them to look in other areas which they are not adapted to. In such a case only the fittest survive the hostile environment fuelling extinction. Deforestation leads to food insecurity for animals, which eventually starve to death. Additionally exposing animals to unsheltered habitats puts them in the hands of poachers who kill then for money. This leads to extinctions of wildlife. Besides, deforestation strips wildlife of their homes, which in turn exposes hem to adverse climate and temperatures causing diseases and death, thus extinction. Deforestation has some current and potential impacts on world cultures. For instance, the economic lifestyle of a people in Brazil depends on extraction of rubber, nuts and other raw materials which they sell to companies in exchange of money to buy food and other necessities. Deforestation hampers this source of income. Culture incorporates the kind of shelter, foods and lifestyles people have. Deforestation causes disharmony in this culture in that indigenous people go without traditional medicine from tees, lack materials for building their homes, go without recreation facilities and no longer have good soil to cultivate crops. Given that clear understanding, of biodiversity, I have been hired by the largest, natural history museum in the world and charged with the responsibility of designing an exhibit that introduces visitors to the importance of biodiversity, causes of wildlife extinction, ways that wildlife extinction impacts on the world, causes of deforestation, and its relationship to wildlife extinction current and potential impacts of deforestation on world cultures and description of the methods that are and could be implemented to preserve the present level of aquatic biodiversity. This task is equally challenging, as it is exciting. The proposed design will be submitted to the Museum’s board or trustees. Aquatic life zones Currently, the US and other countries have realized the importance of aquatic biodiversity and taken steps to preserving it. The well-being of lakes and water bodies directly promotes well-being of aquatic life. The US has laid down laws that prohibit pollution of H2O. It has also banned the use of pesticides and fertilizers that contain elements which could pollute water. Sensitization of communities living near tributaries to plant trees by rivers sides has also helped to preserve aquatic life fro soil sedimentation. The coral reefs are an attractive feature of aquatic biodiversity. The EPA has been in the forefront of banning sewage discharges (human/industrial) which deposit pathogens and other harmful compounds into the coral reefs thereby destroying them. In Florida, the FKNMS) ensures sustainability of the Florida key reefs with the help of EPA and NOAA. As it stands the EPA intends to develop a watershed approach to protect coral reefs. Reference http://www. equalearth. org/wildlifeextinction. htm Accessed on 11th October 2007

Costing Methods Paper Essay Example for Free

Costing Methods Paper Essay Variable and absorption costing methods are two different costing methods. Almost all successful companies in the world use both methods. Variable costing and absorption costing cannot be substituted for one another because both the systems have their own benefits and limitations (Accounting for management). This paper will complete and discuss exercise 19-17 in Wiley Plus: it will discuss the following questions: In this case, would it be better to use the variable or absorption costing method, and why? In this example Polk Company should use the absorption method, because the absorption only uses overhead that allocates to the 80,000 units sold. Whereas the variable method counts the fixed overhead as a period expense, the fixed overhead during this period is calculated on 95,000 units produced, when the absorption method is used. The variable method just calculates fixed overhead on 80,000 units sold. What are the benefits of the two methods? Both systems have their own benefits and limitations. The absorption method gives management information of product cost this is the main benefit of the absorption method. The benefit of the variable method is it gives an output the mimics the cash flow of the company. Which method would lead to the best decision when a competitor is submitting a lower bid for your product? The absorption method would be best although both methods are used, with variable costing expenses remains the same, and with the absorption method fixed production cost are period cost. Variable costing method helps with demand based pricing. References Accounting for management. (n.d.). Variable costing versus absorption costing. Retrieved from http://www.accountingformanagement.org/variable-vs-absorption-costing/

Comparison On Classification Techniques Using Weka Computer Science Essay

Comparison On Classification Techniques Using Weka Computer Science Essay Computers have brought tremendous improvement in technologies especially the speed of computer and reduced data storage cost which lead to create huge volumes of data. Data itself has no value, unless data changed to information to become useful. In past two decade the data mining was invented to generate knowledge from database. Presently bioinformatics field created many databases, accumulated in speed and numeric or character data is no longer restricted. Data Base Management Systems allows the integration of the various high dimensional multimedia data under the same umbrella in different areas of bioinformatics. WEKA includes several machine learning algorithms for data mining. Weka contains general purpose environment tools for data pre-processing, regression, classification, association rules, clustering, feature selection and visualization. Also, contains an extensive collection of data pre-processing methods and machine learning algorithms complemented by GUI for different machine learning techniques experimental comparison and data exploration on the same problem. Main features of WEKA is 49 data preprocessing tools, 76 classification/regression algorithms, 8 clustering algorithms, 3 algorithms for finding association rules, 15 attribute/subset evaluators plus 10 search algorithms for feature selection. Main objectives of WEKA are extracting useful information from data and enable to identify a suitable algorithm for generating an accurate predictive model from it. This paper presents short notes on data mining, basic principles of data mining techniques, comparison on classification techniques using WEKA, Data mining in bioinformatics, discussion on WEKA. Introduction Computers have brought tremendous improvement in technologies especially the speed of computer and data storage cost which lead to create huge volumes of data. Data itself has no value, unless data can be changed to information to become useful. In past two decade the data mining was invented to generate knowledge from database. Data Mining is the method of finding the patterns, associations or correlations among data to present in a useful format or useful information or knowledge[1]. The advancement of the healthcare database management systems creates a huge number of data bases. Creating knowledge discovery methodology and management of the large amounts of heterogeneous data has become a major priority of research. Data mining is still a good area of scientific study and remains a promising and rich field for research. Data mining making sense of large amounts of unsupervised data in some domain[2]. Data mining techniques Data mining techniques are both unsupervised and supervised. Unsupervised learning technique is not guided by variable or class label and does not create a model or hypothesis before analysis. Based on the results a model will be built. A common unsupervised technique is Clustering. In Supervised learning prior to the analysis a model will be built. To estimate the parameters of the model apply the algorithm to the data. The biomedical literatures focus on applications of supervised learning techniques. A common supervised techniques used in medical and clinical research is Classification, Statistical Regression and association rules. The learning techniques briefly described below as: Clustering Clustering is a dynamic field of research in data mining. Clustering is an unsupervised learning technique, is process of partitioning a set of data objects in a set of meaningful subclasses called clusters. It is revealing natural groupings in the data. A cluster include group of data objects similar to each other within the cluster but not similar in another cluster. The algorithms can be categorized into partitioning, hierarchical, density-based, and model-based methods. Clustering is also called unsupervised classification: no predefined classes. Association Rule Association rule in data mining is to find the relationships of items in a data base. A transaction t contains X, itemset in I, if X à  t. Where an itemset is a set of items. E.g., X = {milk, bread, cereal} is an itemset. An association rule is an implication of the form: X  ® Y, where X, Y ÃÅ' I, and X ÇY = Æ An association rules do not represent any sort of causality or correlation between the two item sets. X Þ Y does not mean X causes Y, so no Causality X Þ Y can be different from Y Þ X, unlike correlation Association rules assist in marketing, targeted advertising, floor planning, inventory control, churning management, homeland security, etc. Classification Classification is a supervised learning method. The classification goal is to predict the target class accurately for each case in the data. Classification is to develop accurate description for each class. Classification is a data mining function consists of assigning a class label of objects to a set of unclassified cases. Classification A Two-Step process show in figure 4. Data mining classification mechanisms such as Decision trees, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Bayesian network, Neural networks, Fuzzy logic, Support vector machines, etc. Classification methods classified as follows: Decision tree: Decision trees are powerful classification algorithms. Popular decision tree algorithms include Quinlans ID3, C4.5, C5, and Breiman et al.s CART. As the name implies, this technique recursively separates observations in branches to construct a tree for the purpose of improving the prediction accuracy. Decision tree is widely used as it is easy to interpret and are restricted to functions that can be represented by rule If-then-else condition. Most decision tree classifiers perform classification in two phases: tree-growing (or building) and tree-pruning. The tree building is done in top-down manner. During this phase the tree is recursively partitioned till all the data items belong to the same class label. In the tree pruning phase the full grown tree is cut back to prevent over fitting and improve the accuracy of the tree in bottom up fashion. It is used to improve the prediction and classification accuracy of the algorithm by minimizing the over-fitting. Compared to other data mining techniques, it is widely applied in various areas since it is robust to data scales or distributions. Nearest-neighbor: K-Nearest Neighbor is one of the best known distance based algorithms, in the literature it has different version such as closest point, single link, complete link, K-Most Similar Neighbor etc. Nearest neighbors algorithm is considered as statistical learning algorithms and it is extremely simple to implement and leaves itself open to a wide variety of variations. Nearest-neighbor is a data mining technique that performs prediction by finding the prediction value of records (near neighbors) similar to the record to be predicted. The K-Nearest Neighbors algorithm is easy to understand. First the nearest-neighbor list is obtained; the test object is classified based on the majority class from the list. KNN has got a wide variety of applications in various fields such as Pattern recognition, Image databases, Internet marketing, Cluster analysis etc. Probabilistic (Bayesian Network) models: Bayesian networks are a powerful probabilistic representation, and their use for classification has received considerable attention. Bayesian algorithms predict the class depending on the probability of belonging to that class. A Bayesian network is a graphical model. This Bayesian Network consists of two components. First component is mainly a directed acyclic graph (DAG) in which the nodes in the graph are called the random variables and the edges between the nodes or random variables represents the probabilistic dependencies among the corresponding random variables. Second component is a set of parameters that describe the conditional probability of each variable given its parents. The conditional dependencies in the graph are estimated by statistical and computational methods. Thus the BN combine the properties of computer science and statistics. Probabilistic models Predict multiple hypotheses, weighted by their probabilities[3]. The Table 1 below gives the theoretical comparison on classification techniques. Data mining is used in surveillance, artificial intelligence, marketing, fraud detection, scientific discovery and now gaining a broad way in other fields also. Experimental Work Experimental comparison on classification techniques is done in WEKA. Here we have used labor database for all the three techniques, easy to differentiate their parameters on a single instance. This labor database has 17 attributes ( attributes like duration, wage-increase-first-year, wage-increase-second-year, wage-increase-third-year, cost-of-living-adjustment, working-hours, pension, standby-pay, shift-differential, education-allowance, statutory-holiday, vacation, longterm-disability-assistance, contribution-to-dental-plan, bereavement-assistance, contribution-to-health-plan, class) and 57 instances. Figure 5: WEKA 3.6.9 Explorer window Figure 5 shows the explorer window in WEKA tool with the labor dataset loaded; we can also analyze the data in the form of graph as shown above in visualization section with blue and red code. In WEKA, all data is considered as instances features (attributes) in the data. For easier analysis and evaluation the simulation results are partitioned into several sub items. First part, correctly and incorrectly classified instances will be partitioned in numeric and percentage value and subsequently Kappa statistic, mean absolute error and root mean squared error will be in numeric value only. Figure 6: Classifier Result This dataset is measured and analyzed with 10 folds cross validation under specified classifier as shown in figure 6. Here it computes all required parameters on given instances with the classifiers respective accuracy and prediction rate. Based on Table 2 we can clearly see that the highest accuracy is 89.4737 % for Bayesian, 82.4561 % for KNN and lowest is 73.6842 % for Decision tree. In fact by this experimental comparison we can say that Bayesian is best among three as it is more accurate and less time consuming. Table 2 : Simulation Result of each Algorithm DATA MINING IN BIONFORMATICS Bioinformatics and Data mining provide challenging and exciting research for computation. Bioinformatics is conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules on a large scale. It is MIS for molecular biology information. It is the science of managing, mining, and interpreting information from biological sequences and structures. Advances such as genome-sequencing initiatives, microarrays, proteomics and functional and structural genomics have pushed the frontiers of human knowledge. Data mining and machine learning have been advancing with high-impact applications from marketing to science. Although researchers have spent much effort on data mining for bioinformatics, the two areas have largely been developing separately. In classification or regression the task is to predict the outcome associated with a particular individual given a feature vector describing that individu al; in clustering, individuals are grouped together because they share certain properties; and in feature selection the task is to select those features that are important in predicting the outcome for an individual. We believe that data mining will provide the necessary tools for better understanding of gene expression, drug design, and other emerging problems in genomics and proteomics. Propose novel data mining techniques for tasks such as Gene expression analysis, Searching and understanding of protein mass spectroscopy data, 3D structural and functional analysis and mining of DNA and protein sequences for structural and functional motifs, drug design, and understanding of the origins of life, and Text mining for biological knowledge discovery. In todays world large quantities of data is being accumulated and seeking knowledge from massive data is one of the most fundamental attribute of Data Mining. It consists of more than just collecting and managing data but to analyze and predict also. Data could be large in size in dimension. Also there is a huge gap from the stored data to the knowledge that could be construed from the data. Here comes the classification technique and its sub-mechanisms to arrange or place the data at its appropriate class for ease of identification and searching. Thus classification can be outlined as inevitable part of data mining and is gaining more popularity. WEKA data mining software WEKA is data mining software developed by the University of Waikato in New Zealand. Weka includes several machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks. The algorithms can either call from your own Java code or be applied directly to a dataset, since WEKA implements algorithms using the JAVA language. Weka contains general purpose environment tools for data pre-processing, regression, classification, association rules, clustering, feature selection and visualization. The Weka data mining suite in the bioinformatics arena it has been used for probe selection for gene expression arrays[14], automated protein annotation[7][9], experiments with automatic cancer diagnosis[10], plant genotype discrimination[13], classifying gene expression profiles[11], developing a computational model for frame-shifting sites[8] and extracting rules from them[12]. Most of the algorithms in Weka are described in[15]. WEKA includes algorithms for learning different types of models (e.g. decision trees, rule sets, linear discriminants), feature selection schemes (fast filtering as well as wrapper approaches) and pre-processing methods (e.g. discretization, arbitrary mathematical transformations and combinations of attributes). Weka makes it easy to compare different solution strategies based on the same evaluation method and identify the one that is most appropriate for the problem at hand. It is implemented in Java and runs on almost any computing platform. The Weka Explorer Explorer is the main interface in Weka, shown in figure 1. Open fileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ load data in various formats ARFF, CSV, C4.5, and Library. WEKA Explorer has six (6) tabs, which can be used to perform a certain task. The tabs are shown in figure 2. Preprocess: Preprocessing tools in WEKA are called Filters. The Preprocess retrieves data from a file, SQL database or URL (For very large datasets sub sampling may be required since all the data were stored in main memory). Data can be preprocessed using one of Wekas preprocessing tools. The Preprocess tab shows a histogram with statistics of the currently selected attribute. Histograms for all attributes can be viewed simultaneously in a separate window. Some of the filters behave differently depending on whether a class attribute has been set or not. Filter box is used for setting up the required filter. WEKA contains filters for Discretization, normalization, resampling, attribute selection, attribute combination, Classify: Classify tools can be used to perform further analysis on preprocessed data. If the data demands a classification or regression problem, it can be processed in the Classify tab. Classify provides an interface to learning algorithms for classification and regression models (both are called classifiers in Weka), and evaluation tools for analyzing the outcome of the learning process. Classification model produced on the full trained data. WEKA consists of all major learning techniques for classification and regression: Bayesian classifiers, decision trees, rule sets, support vector machines, logistic and multi-layer perceptrons, linear regression, and nearest-neighbor methods. It also contains metalearners like bagging, stacking, boosting, and schemes that perform automatic parameter tuning using cross-validation, cost-sensitive classification, etc. Learning algorithms can be evaluated using cross-validation or a hold-out set, and Weka provides standard numeric performance mea sures (e.g. accuracy, root mean squared error), as well as graphical means for visualizing classifier performance (e.g. ROC curves and precision-recall curves). It is possible to visualize the predictions of a classification or regression model, enabling the identification of outliers, and to load and save models that have been generated. Cluster: WEKA contains clusterers for finding groups of instances in a datasets. Cluster tools gives access to Wekas clustering algorithms such as k-means, a heuristic incremental hierarchical clustering scheme and mixtures of normal distributions with diagonal co-variance matrices estimated using EM. Cluster assignments can be visualized and compared to actual clusters defined by one of the attributes in the data. Associate: Associate tools having generating association rules algorithms. It can be used to identify relationships between groups of attributes in the data. Select attributes: More interesting in the context of bioinformatics is the fifth tab, which offers methods for identifying those subsets of attributes that are predictive of another (target) attribute in the data. Weka contains several methods for searching through the space of attribute subsets, evaluation measures for attributes and attribute subsets. Search methods such as best-first search, genetic algorithms, forward selection, and a simple ranking of attributes. Evaluation measures include correlation- and entropy based criteria as well as the performance of a selected learning scheme (e.g. a decision tree learner) for a particular subset of attributes. Different search and evaluation methods can be combined, making the system very flexible. Visualize: Visualization tools shows a matrix of scatter plots for all pairs of attributes in the data. Practically visualization is very much useful which helps to determine learning problem difficulties. WEKA visualize single dimension (1D) for single attributes and two-dimension (2D) for pairs of attributes. It is to visualize the current relation in 2D plots. Any matrix element can be selected and enlarged in a separate window, where one can zoom in on subsets of the data and retrieve information about individual data points. A Jitter option to deal with nominal attributes for exposing obscured data points is also provided. interfaces to Weka All the learning techniques in Weka can be accessed from the simple command line (CLI), as part of shell scripts, or from within other Java programs using the Weka API. WEKA commands directly execute using CLI. Weka also contains an alternative graphical user interface, called Knowledge Flow, that can be used instead of the Explorer. Knowledge Flow is a drag-and-drop interface and supports incremental learning. It caters for a more process-oriented view of data mining, where individual learning components (represented by Java beans) can be connected graphically to create a flow of information. Finally, there is a third graphical user interface-the Experimenter-which is designed for experiments that compare the performance of (multiple) learning schemes on (multiple) datasets. Experiments can be distributed across multiple computers running remote experiment servers and conducting statistical tests between learning scheme. Conclusion Classification is one of the most popular techniques in data mining. In this paper we compared algorithms based on their accuracy, learning time and error rate. We observed that, there is a direct relationship between execution time in building the tree model and the volume of data records and also there is an indirect relationship between execution time in building the model and attribute size of the data sets. Through our experiment we conclude that Bayesian algorithms have good classification accuracy over above compared algorithms. To make bioinformatics lively research areas broaden to include new techniques.

Gender Roles in Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare Essay

Throughout Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, there is an overlaying presence of the typical roles that men and women were supposed to play. During Elizabethan times there was a major difference between the way men and women were supposed to act. Men typically were supposed to be masculine and powerful, and defend the honor. Women, on the other hand, were supposed to be subservient to their men in their lives and do as ever they wished. In Romeo and Juliet the typical gender roles that men and women were supposed to play had an influence on the fate of their lives. The beginning of Act one opens with a brawl in the street between the servants of the Capulets and the Montagues. The origin of the fight introduces the important theme of masculine honor. Sampson, one of Capulets servants, shows this masculinity by saying, â€Å"Draw, if you be men.† (I.i.64). Later on in the play in Act II, scene i. the display of honor and masculinity comes up again during the fight between Mercutio and Tybault. As Mercutio lay slain Romeo says to him, â€Å"Courage, man. The hurt cannot be much.† (III.i.96). Even as his friend is dying the two men try and act masculine because they did not want to show their fears. But on the other side of this masculinity is love. For Elizabethan society believed that a man who loved too much lost his masculinity. Romeo clearly subscribes to that belief when he states that his love for Juliet made him â€Å"effeminate.† During Elizabethan times wo...

Explain the low turnout in U.S. elections. :: essays research papers fc

Explain the low turnout in U.S. elections. "Miller light and bud light†¦either way you end up with a mighty weak beer!" This is how Jim Hightower (a Texan populist speaker) described the choices that the U.S. electorate had in the 2000 elections. This insinuates that there is a clear lack of distinction between the parties. Along with numerous others, this is one of the reasons why the turnout is so low in the U.S. elections. In trying to explain the low figures at the U.S. elections, analysts have called American voters apathetic to indifferent to downright lazy. I disagree that the 50% (in recent elections) of voters that fail to turnout to vote are lazy and that they have just reason not too. I will also show that the problem lies within the system itself in that the institutional arrangements, electoral and governmental, do not create an environment that is conducive to mass participation. I will address these main issues and several others that have an effect on voter participation. In doing so I will comp are America to other established democracies. Some registration laws in the past had clearly been designed to abstain certain races and types of people from registering, these restricted rather than assisted voter turnout. In the South they made provisions to stop African-Americans voting and the North implemented obstacles such as the poll tax and literacy tests. These were blatant attempts to stop people who were not of the typical voter, an educated white male landowner from casting a ballot. Typically in the South turnout historically tends to be lower than that of the North. An example of this is the contest between Kennedy and Nixon when only 40% of the south turned out to vote compared with 70% of the rest of the nation. These southern states tend to be the ones who were part of the old Confederacy. They still seem to have similar political ideologies, as in the most recent election George W. Bush took all these states in defeating Al Gore. It seems that the stigma connected to the civil war that ended over 130 years ago still seems to loom over American politics. However due to the 1965 Voting Rights Act, procedures for registration have become much more user friendly in allowing a much wider scope of American citizens to register. Because of this Act I am going to concentrate on the more recent elections and explanations for the low turnout.

Self and Other: The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

With his critical essay: "Hawthorne's Awakening in the Customhouse" Loving gives the reader a psychoanalytical reading of The Scarlet Letter. Loving pays close attention to Hawthorne's unconscious motives and feelings in his interpretation of Hawthorne's writing. He is particularly concerned about the radical change of direction that Hawthorne takes in altering the initial course of his story by adding an unexpected ending. The ending, as presented to the reader in the last three chapters, undermines the notion of emancipation Hawthorne had developed throughout the story. Loving argues that Hawthorne withheld in this way a significant piece of information which would have enlightened the reader about Hawthorne’s true self: â€Å"The author’s last minute retreat from the primordial sense of himself in The Scarlet Letter may have preserved his sanity to some extent (...) but it also cost him (and us) the true ending of the novel†. (Loving, p. 23) Loving considers the novel as a highly autobiographical account in which Hawthorne unconsciously attempts to first and foremost resolve his relationship with his mother. Central to the understanding of the nature of this relationship are the recurring themes of "guilt" and "crime". The "guilt" Hawthorne suffers from is derived from the "crime" of having broken the bond with his mother by secretly getting engaged to Sophia. In the process of writing The Scarlet Letter, he uncovered his unnaturally close and dependent relationship to his mother from which his sense of guilt originally derived. Since he did not want this sense of guilt to be revealed to the reader, he added â€Å"The Customhouse† to shift the focus of the origin of his guilt onto his ancestors. According to Hawthorne, â€Å"The Customhouse† was written to increase the overall length of The Scarlet Letter. Loving however, claims â€Å"The Customhouse† to be a cover-up for Hawthorne's deep identity crisis: " He desperately needed a beginning (...) that would save him from the self he had revealed in the true text" (Loving, p.

Ethics in Modern Marketing

Ethics in Modern Marketing Abstract: The success of every marketing company depends upon their involvement towards their customers. The modern marketing concept mainly stresses the importance of developing a good relationship by every marketing company with its customers to enhance their business and to withstand in the competition. During the last two decades, marketing professionals were increasing their awareness of customer/ client relationships; society has become much more aware of ethical issues.As competition increases, the marketers are involved in some unethical activities to compete and attract the customers. But the customers are more aware and they have more options for every product. They are giving high importance for quality rather than cost. Unethical practices will create a bad opinion over the product and the marketer and in turn it will result in vanishing of that business. Keywords: Modern marketing, customers, ethical issues, competition, customer relationship. Introduction:Marketing can be defined as an activity or process that involves â€Å"creating, communicating and providing value delivery to the clients and the relationship with them in advantage of the organization and its shareholders†. From this definition apparent role in society of those involved in marketing activities are: to be responsible for carrying out actions to persuade consumers in different markets segments, that, for a price, to benefit from products and services that meet their needs and fulfill their expectations and desires.Considering that the marketing aims at determining and influencing the purchasing behavior and that competition in modern economy is more intense and unscrupulous, an important issue that arises is that workers in marketing, as well as professional category may be tempted to behave unethical to achieve their objectives. Marketers today face big challenges as they try to make their marketing messages heard. Practitioner estimates suggest that consumers are exposed daily to thousands of marketing communications.This proliferation of marketing communications not only has created unprecedented levels of perceived disorder; it also has led to heightened contempt for corporations by many consumers who actively seek to avoid marketing communications from any source. Modern marketing concept: An academic called Grnroos defined marketing as â€Å"to establish, maintain and enhance relationships with customers and other partners, at a profit, so that the objectives of parties involved are met. This is achieved by mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises. † By engaging with their customers marketing professionals are able to secure report business.Loyalty schemes are a device for building that loyalty within the retail and customer service sectors. Marketing professionals talk in terms of fulfillment, meaning fulfillment of their relationship with the customer. During the last two decades, while marketing professio nals were increasing their awareness of customer/ client relationships, society has become much more aware of ethical issues. Ethical issues are concerned with making appropriate responses to social situations. Failure to make the correct social response can expose a business to reputational issues, the unwelcome attention of political activists and legal sanctions.A modern business that is interested in developing long term relationships with their customers and other stakeholders has to take an interest in ethics. Ethical problems raised in modern marketing Not a few times, marketers are usually blamed for launching and promoting on the market, the low quality products to compete in certain segments of the market price. Also the complaints relate to a significant increase in the price (to preserve brand image, or to save profits encumbered by high costs of advertising campaigns). thus depriving clients with smaller financial possibilities of access to some products and services. A lso, marketing responsibility for handling consumer raises an important ethical problem, namely, if marketing and those working in the field can create needs and cause consumers to buy things that are really has no need. Another responsibility of marketing in direction of ethics is influencing the value system and the promotion of non-values. Products advertised are not always perfect, and the ads are not designed with original concept and do not reveal the reality of the product.Ethical issues in marketing are an important consideration for a modern business. First consider marketing, our understanding of what is required of a marketing professional has changed over the last decade. It used to be adequate to discuss product, promotion and price. A modern marketing professional is also expected to develop his/her relationship with the customer or client. TOP 5 ETHICS ISSUES IN MARKETING Every business relies on marketing to attract customers and to sell products or services. The pro blem is that marketing can sometimes promote products or services in unethical ways.What can businesses do to follow ethical standards in their marketing strategies? What are the top 5 ethical issues in marketing? 1. HONESTY The news of corporate scandals seems to be a daily occurrence. Consumers have lost trust in the integrity in many corporations because of the unethical and sometimes illegal behavior that seems to be embraced in the organizational culture of the corporation. Companies need to realize that company reputation is part of the honesty factor. People seek alternatives when they know a business engages in unethical practices.The claims of â€Å"sweat shop† assembly lines has forced more than one company to change its supply chain policies simply because of the damage to brand that resulted from unethical behavior. Another important facet of honesty is an accurate representation of the product. People want to know they are receiving the quality of product that wa s presented to them through marketing. Promises made should be promises honored. A return policy is a necessary component in fostering honesty in marketing. 2. FAIRNESS Fairness is the need to balance the interests of the company with the needs of the customers.That is, companies want to sell more products in order to increase profits. Fairness is conveyed in recognizing that customers want to feel they are engaging in a transaction that will result in them receiving something of value. Value is associated with the product and with the quality of customer service. Fairness is the company treating the customer in a business to consumer transaction the same way it would want to be treated in a business to business transaction. The long term benefit of fairness is customer loyalty. 3. RESPECT Customers want to know they are respected by the company.Respect means the company sees the value of stakeholders. Groups are not subjected to stereotypes and tolerance is demonstrated for the int erests and values of others. Respect means that feedback from stakeholders is welcomed and heard. The long term benefit of respect is the company positive association with company that should foster company and brand loyalty. 4. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILTIY Social responsibility is the recognition that a company must do no harm to individuals and the community. Companies incur a trust that they will operate in such a manner as to protect the welfare of the customer.Dangerous products or lapses in safety can quickly erode confidence and trust in a company. Companies have a responsibility to â€Å"give back† to the community. Part of this marketing strategy is to convey the idea that the company is a neighbor. The company cares about the quality of life of its â€Å"neighbors† in the community at large. One way to do this is by responding to the interests of non-customer stakeholders such as through supporting local education, sponsoring environmental awareness projects, and as sisting in community enrichment efforts. . TRANSPARENCY Transparency means the marketing strategy conveys honesty about the operations of the business. A company is practicing transparency when it admits to and corrects operational problems or areas of stakeholder concern. Transparency in marketing means the company is honest about a product’s limitations. The recall policy of the automobile industry is a great example of transparency. Car companies issue recall notices to acknowledge design or mechanical flaws in automobiles.Granted, failure to do so would bring down the wrath of the federal government as this would constitute a violation of national safety standards. When voluntary, the practice of recognizes weaknesses and then seeking to correct the problem conveys the company recognizes its commitment to the customer. The long term benefit is trust. CONCLUSION Marketing includes the promotion of a company rather than the promotion of a product or service. The above point ed five issues work together to create the marketing image of the company. Unethical behavior will destroy the reputation, the name and fame and ethical image of a company.

Diabetes Mellitus Philippine Callcentre Staff Health And Social Care Essay

The stunnedsourcing constancy is presently a cultivateing temperament in the Filipinos breach rentment chances for m each immature professionals. The Filipino extinctsourcing industry has grown 46 % annu in tout ensembley since two hundred4 ( Rivette, 2010 ) and is presently stand foring 21 % of the $ 7.2 zillion of en deteriorate chore Process Outsourcing ( BPO ) grosss worldwide. With the increment in BPO employment chances, to a greater extent(prenominal) and much than immature Filipino professionals ar learning for and melting as label meat datents. Approximately 400,000 Filipinos ar already occupied as key nucleus agents ( Rivette, 2010 ) and with a exploitation tramp of 46 % yearly, it send away be estimated that other two hundred,000 Filipinos volition be f all(prenominal) ining this compute trace future(a) twelvemonth. However, despite the economic benefits of the enlargement of BPO in the Philippines, an attachment in bear on-related illnesss in send for ticker companies have too been report. The around(prenominal) investigateed work-related disease in chit-chat amount of moneys in the Philippines is on informally transmitted infections, specially HIV-AIDS. Harmonizing to the heap done by the UP macrocosm Institute ( 2010 ) , 20 % of manly environ nub agents be moneymaking(prenominal) sex workers speckle 14 % of them give payment in ex channelize for sex. The passel anyways showed that 1/3 of inflict sum agents have had insouciant sex in the expiry 12 months. These statistics formalise the addition in pretendous sexual behaviour among impose midpoint agents in the Philippines. However, addition in guessous sexual behaviour is merely a dowery of the liveliness agency of most previse midsection agents. other(a) hapless life- bearing wefts observed among retrieve displace agents is their plunk for of fast nutrient, stinkpot, aspiration of alcoholic, adjoind caffeine co nsumption, reduced slumber, and descend personal inaction. too hapless life-style picks, the character of their work besides inclines them to emphasize and perturbations in their quiescence form. All of these factors predispose them to health jobs specially spunky business line pressure, corpulency, and diabetes. A determine of surveies have already been conducted on the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases and cognomen sharpen agents in the Philippines scarcely in that respect atomic number 18 presently no surveies yet on the incidence of other diseases among portend aggregate agents. This persuasion would wish to bridge this culture spread because recognition on the development of other diseases like risque decline pressure and diabetes argon besides every bit of import as cognition on the change magnitude transmittal of STIs among cry middle agents. AIn this subject, the enquiry workers would wish to research the association surrounded by the development of Diabetes Mellitus flake II among adjure rivet agents in the Philippines. As mentioned above, make believe focus on agents and their modus vivendi predisposes them to develop diabetes. The research workers would wish to beat to the job of potentially developing Diabetess Mellitus because of the retentive-run complications of this disease on the feature of life. The research workers would desire to specifi cancely turn to suit II Diabetes Mellitus for the basal ground that this type of Diabetes develops chiefly because of lifestyle factors. The research workers believe that cognition on the association between confabulate meaning agents and the development of Diabetes Mellitus typewrite II is passing great because of the wellness deductions of this disease and its practicable to be prevented.II. Significance of the StudyThe change magnitude tendency of foretell centre posts in the cite provides rail line chances to the change magnitude contribute of alumnuss in the state. Bing occupied as a scream centre agent in a phone outcry centre bureau is fake to increase the hazard of sensitivity to incompatible disease entities because of the extremist life style alterations one undergoes. With the change magnitude figure of employed withdraw centre agents, at that place is therefrom an addition in the figure of mess who ar at hazard of geting diseases.few literature trades with call centre agents that discusses the science of certain diseases secondary to their business. This reexamine aims to increase the fund of literature with respect to this.Diabetess Mellitus, subject II is a chronic and weaken disease. also, as said, this is a life-long disease. Once a individual acquires this disease, he or she leave everlastingly be predisposed to the co-morbidities and cause of the disease which in bend, testament diminish one s figure of originative life grey-haired ages. A streak is the most cost-effective attack when aiming populations. If the consequences of this go over will demo an association between being a call centre and geting Diabetes lineament II, we would be able to turn to the spread in cognition with value to the association of being an employed call centre agent and geting Diabetes Mellitus, role II. Besides this would supply extra informations for policy shapers to turn to steps with respects to the bar of this disease.III. ambit of RestrictionsA A A A A A A A A A A The survey will merely include employees in call centres in Ortigas, Philippines. The survey will be done for a period of 5 ( ? ) sure-enough(a) ages and will merely check if an person will develop part II Diabetes Mellitus ( DM ) or non. The survey will non quantify the grade and devilment of the disease upon analyze. Fasting rip glucose ( FBG ) will be used in the diagnosing of DM, as it is the most dependable and satisfied trial for placing DM in well persons ( Fauci et al, 2008 ) and portion of t he guidelines used by the American Association of clinical Endocrinologists ( AACE Diabetes Mellitus clinical expend Guidelines travail Force, 2007 ) . Persons will be counted as instances if diagnosed with attribute II DM finished the class of the survey. Cases will be provided with assign intercessions ( non-pharmaco analytical, referral ) .A A A A A A A A A A A A A The survey will civilise out those who have the fol economic crisisers at the apply in of the survey Type II DM, biography of Diabetes in the immediate abode, original social system mass index ( BMI ) above or below the normal value as per Asian criterion, and more than or be to 30 grey ages of age. These exclusion standards atomic number 18 the factors that can be controlled in choosing the persons at heart the population that may predispose them to be determine as instances.IV. Review of relate LiteratureName perfume IndustryHarmonizing to a recap done by OMaley ( 2008 ) , the Philippines has be en a major(ip) participant in the outsourcing industry everyplace the past 10 old ages. half a dozen major factors were identified to be the yard why the Philippines impart part radically in the said industry. One is the increase authorities support for information engineering investing despite the fickle political clime. Second is the uninterrupted pooling of college alumnuss with good English communicating accomplishments and proficiency. It was stated in the reappraisal that 75 % of the entire population in the Philippines ( harmonizing to a United Nations informations ) speak English fluently with a 94 % literacy rate which gives a comparative degree advantage in the industry as compared to other states. threesome is uplifted cognition some study and Communications Technology ( ICT ) . Fourth is the calorie-free constitution of a dependable and passably priced telecommunication sub building. Fifth are the low costs but high quality locations of call centre bureaus. And in conclusion, 6th, the increasing tendencies of outsourcing globally.In that same article create verbally by OMaley, it was said that the Philippines systematically ranks among the hint five Business Procedure Outsourcing ( BPO ) locations globally. This portions a five-year-compounded one-year growing rate of 38 % . The Philippine BPO system was besides coined as the major participant in the growing of the service sector in the state.The Philippines plays a major function in providing the take for more call centre agents as an consequence of the planetary trending of outsourcing worldwide. Harmonizing to the Philippine guinea pig Statistic Office ( 2010 ) , name centre activities class-conscious first among all BPO activities addressing virtually half of the entire industry with 219 ( 48 % ) call centre constitutions. AWith the increasing figure of call centre bureaus, it is logical to state that there is besides an increasing demand for call centre agents to work for much(prenominal) industry. appoint centre activities employ bulk of the workers among all BPOs. In 2008, call centre bureaus employed about 150,000 workers ( Philippine subject field Statistics Office, 2010 ) . There are about 400,000 Filipinos who are presently employed as call centre agents harmonizing to Rivette ( 2010 ) .Name C discharge AgentsHarmonizing toA a policy provided by the duty and Immigration Department of the Government of Alberta ( 2008 ) , call centre agents are the 1s who respond to inquiries and enquiries, stimulate client relationships, decide client jobs and supply information about company policies, merchandises and go over the phone and via electronic communicating. works conditions from one call centre to another may differ. Harmonizing to that same policy, name centre agents ordinarily work indoors but in a instead exposed environment to diminish privateness. Further, directors are allowed to enter and supervise the conversations of an agent and hi s or her client. works displacements besides differ from one bureau to another. Some bureaus provide operate 24-hours a twenty-four hours, seven yearss a hebdomad. life-style of Call Center Agents and Associated wellness gamble FactorsBecause of the nature of their work, name centre agents normally live a life style that may set them at hazard for development of certain diseases. First, name centre workers remained in a inactive seance place 95 % of the clip ( Rocha, 2005 ) which makes them given to physical inaction that may take to fleshiness. Development of fleshiness is of significance because it is a hazard factor for the development of Diabetes Mellitus Type II harmonizing to the AACE Diabetes Mellitus clinical Practice Guidelines Task Force of 2007.Second, name centre workers are exposed to a super nerve-racking environment. Call centre workers identified call-time force per unit areas i.e. , guardianship to treat a client call within a specific figure of seconds as holding the strongest relationship to telephone line emphasis ( Di Tecco et Al, 1992 ) . another(prenominal) survey identified holding to cover with hard clients as the most important beginning of occupation emphasis in 54.0 % of call centre agents managing inbound serve and 54.4 % of call centre agents managing outbound services ( Lin et al, 2010 ) . full(prenominal) degrees of emphasis can take to change magnitude hydrocortisone degrees in the thorough structure which is of significance because of its effects on organic structure metamorphosis. supernormalities in organic structure metamorphosis can take to metabolic jobs such as stress-induced fleshiness which may give rise to high contrast pressure, lipemia, and hyperglycaemia ( Andrews, 2002 ) .Third, the usual sustenance of call centre agents is high in cholesterin and fat and low in fibre which puts them at hazard for dyslipidemia and hypercholesteremia. In a survey conducted by the UP Population Institute, the y identified the usual lifestyle picks of immature professionals in Metro manilla and Metro Cebu. They studied the economic, societal and wellness position of 929 immature professionals less than 35 old ages old work at call centres and non call centres. The survey revealed that there is a high degree of ingestion of french friess, Burgers, french friess and fried yellowed among the workers and a few figure drink down instant noodles and street nutrient on a unremitting basis . It was effectuate out that fried poulet was the most popular nutrient pick among Business Process Outsourcing ( BPO ) workers with 78 % stating that they consume it on a regular basis. French friess were the pursuit most popular nutrient pick with 54 % stating they consume it on a regular basis, followed by french friess at 53 % and Burgers at 49 % . High caffeine consumption was besides account in 2/3 of all immature professionals imbibing java perfunctory. However, the survey pointed out that ca ll centre workers drank more java than non-call centre workers. Call centre workers drank 2.3 cups of java daily while non call centre workers drank 1.7 cups daily. Tea consumption was besides reported where 1/4 of all call centre workers drank tea while merely 1/5 of non-call centre workers drank tea. The survey besides revealed that 50 % of all immature workers drink soda daily at an norm of 1.5 bottles or tins daily.The survey besides explored empty activities of call centre agents. Based on the UP Population Institute study, 72 % of call centre agents said that their most common leisure activity is imbibing compared to partying ( 62 % ) or videoke catchs ( 59 % ) . The survey said that general there is a really high degree of current imbibing among workers , 85 % for call centre agents and 87 % for non-call centre agents. Fatty nutrient and ingestion of intoxicant can increase triglyceride and cholesterin degrees which is a hazard factor for the development of diabetes ( AAC E, 2007 ) .Fourth, balance indirect request is common among call centre agents. In the same survey, they besides put up out that alternatively of the recommended 8 hours of slumber, name centre agents merely acquire 6.2 hours of sleep each twenty-four hours. Sleep want can take to metabolic perturbations and hormonal alterations doing fleshiness ( Merck ) and accordingly diabetes.Fifth, referable to tire and miss of slumber, name centre agents rectify to smoke to get by with emphasis. They reported that 43 % of call centre employees smoke while merely 21 % of non call centre agents smoke . A call centre agent who smokes normally consumes 9 sticks a twenty-four hours on norm . Smoking is a cognize hazard factor for the development of coronary arterial blood vessel disease taking to high blood pressure and cardiac disease. Since high blood pressure and cardiac disease are risk factors for the development of Diabetes Mellitus Type II ( AACE, 2007 ) , smoking may so predispo se an person in developing diabetes.Diseases Associated with Call Center EmployeesAn addition in the turnover, absenteeism, and occupational diseases in call centre employees resulted from insufficiency of modernisation of procedures and organisational planning in call centres in Brazil ( Rocha et al, 2005 ) . A focussed group probe conducted in a call centre employed with 200 persons observed the presence of ailments of fibrous hurting, locoweed achings, sleep changes and crossness ( Westin in Rocha et Al, 2005 ) . Work-related muscular upsets were found to be extremely prevail among the female than male call centre employees, specifically on the neck/ berm part ( 43 % ) and on the wrists/ work force part ( 39 % ) . It was observed that a combination of high demands and deficiency of work control among the female call centre employees A reflect a extremely nerve-racking occupation that predispose them to the increased hazard of holding musculoskeletal upsets ( Theorell in Roc ha et Al, 2005 ) . The restrictions of the survey done by Rocha et Al ( 2005 ) are that the analyses were limited to one call centre linked to a bank, cross-section(a) design, little sample size, and symptom-based diagnosing ( such as hurting, numbing, giddiness, prickling esthesis, stiffening, firing esthesis ) .In a survey done by dErrico et Al ( 2010 ) , the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms in the same part was assessed utilizing the undermentioned cellular inclusion standards to continue the specificity of the result, although it probably change magnitude its susceptibility a ) presence of musculoskeletal symptoms ( hurting, combustion, stiffing, indifference or prickling ) at any clip during the last 28 yearss and B ) audience to a physical and or self-medication because of the symptoms. Besides, the presence of any disease known to be associated with musculoskeletal upsets such as high blood pressure, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, urarthritis, thyroidal disea ses, rheumatoid arthritis ) , old hurts in the last five old ages, leisure physical activity, organic structure mass index, smoke, married position, educational degree, gender, and age category were explored as possible confounders of the association between study factors and musculoskeletal symptoms. It was found in this survey that 45 % of workers reported musculoskeletal symptoms wherein neck opening ( 39 % ) symptoms were the most prevailing, followed by the get up ( 22 % ) , handwrist ( 10 % ) , and cubitus ( 4 % ) . Neck/shoulder symptoms were associated with low occupation control, marvelous noise, hapless desk lighting and impossible action to tilt back while sitting. cubitus/hand-wrist symptoms were associated with short intervals between calls, deficient working infinite, deficiency of forearm support, occupation insecurity, and long senior status in the industry. Other survey that reported the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms among call centre employees were done by Halford and Cohen ( 2003 ) wherein computing machine exercising factors and wholeness psychosocial factors were significantly associated with self-reporting of musculoskeletal upset symptoms.Sudhashree et Al ( 2005 ) stated in a towboat missive that the call centre industry in India ranked high for lettuce due to wellness grounds such as kiping upsets ( 83 % ) , voice prejudice ( 8.5 % ) , ear jobs ( 8.5 % ) , digestive upsets ( 14.9 % ) and center battle array jobs ( 10.6 % ) . Burnout stress syndrome, which includes chronic weariness, insomnia, and complete change of biological beat of the organic structure are everyday cause for disease absenteeism. Chronic degree of emphasis besides affects other systems of the organic structure such as the cardiovascular and hormone.In a survey done by Lin et Al ( 2010 ) in a bank call centre in Taiwan, name centre employees have had prevailing ailments of musculoskeletal uncomfortableness, center strain, gruffness, and sore pha rynx. Besides, it was found that those who perceived high occupation emphasis had significantly increased hazard of quintuple wellness jobs, including oculus strain, tinnitus, gruffness, sore pharynx, chronic cough with emotionlessness, chest stringency, cranky tummy or peptic ulcers, and musculoskeletal uncomfortableness.In the Philippines, there are no surveies about the wellness hazards and occupational diseases associated among call centre employees. However, there is a study of a rise in the figure of Filipinos infected with Human Immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) and includes the call centre employees ( Ruiz, 2010 ) .Diabetess Mellitus, Type IIType II Diabetes Mellitus and EpidemiologyA A A A A A A A A A A Diabetes mellitus ( DM ) is a group of metabolic upsets wherein there is an addition in blood sugar ( hyperglycaemia ) ensuing from absolute or comparative inadequacy of insulin, or both. There are some categorizations of this disease entity based on the diseased procedure that leads to hyperglycemia. In Type II DM, hyperglycaemia resulted from a mountain chain of preponderantly insulin opposition with comparative insulin lack to a preponderantly insulin secretory shortcoming with insulin opposition ( Fauci et al, 2008 ) . It normally occurs among the older age group ( & gt 30 old ages old ) but there is an increasing diagnosing in the younger group ( Tidy, 2009 ) . nearly symptoms of diabetes appear really tardily in the phase of the disease. A batch of diabetics do non hold symptoms when their blood sugars are elevated for the first clip ( field Objectives for Health, 2005 ) .A A A A A A A A A A A There is a dramatic addition in the preponderance of Diabetes Mellitus worldwide, from 30million instances in 1985 to 177 million in 2000. Type II DM is increasing more quickly because of increasing fleshiness and decreased activity degrees as states become more industrialised, as in the instance of many developing states in Asia ( Fauci et al, 2 008 ) . A comprehensive preponderance study in the Philippines by the Department of Health showed that four ( 4.1 % ) out of one 100 Filipinos are diabetics, and the prevalence was higher in urban ( 6.8 % ) than in rural ( 2.5 % ) countries. The World Health placement estimates that there will be a doubling of prevalence of diabetes in atomic number 34 Asia every five to ten old ages. Using this as premise, the prevalence of diabetes in the Philippines is about 8 to 16 per centum ( National Objectives for Health, 2005 ) . Besides, the decease rate in diabetes has rise from 4.3 per 100,000 population in 1984 to 7.1 per 100,000 population in 1993. It is of import to observe that there is underreporting of deceases due to diabetes, as shown by local surveies, because of misclassification as deceases due to cardiovascular or nephritic disease both of which are chronic complications of DM ( National Objectives for Health, 2005 Fauci et Al, 2008 ) .Type II Diabetes Mellitus Risk fact ors and NosologiesHarmonizing to the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists ( AACE ) Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the instruction of Diabetes Mellitus ( AACE Diabetes Mellitus Clinical Practice Guidelines Task Force, 2007 ) , there are several hazard factors to developing prediabetes and Diabetes Mellitus. Such hazard factors are ( a ) household explanation of diabetes, ( B ) cardiovascular disease, ( degree Celsius ) over heaviness or grave province, ( vitamin D ) sedentary life style, ( vitamin E ) Latin american or Latino, Non-Hispanic black, Asiatic American, Native American, or Pacific island-dweller ethnicity, ( degree Fahrenheit ) antecedently identified afflicted glucose margin or impaired sobriety glucose, ( g ) high blood pressure, ( H ) increased degrees of triglycerides, low closenesss high-density lipoproteins cholesterin, or both, ( I ) history of gestational diabetes, ( J ) history of bringing of an baby with a birth weight & gt 9 lb s, ( K ) polycystic ovary syndrome, and ( cubic decimeter ) psychiatric unwellness.To name Diabetes Mellitus, any one of the three standards is comfortable in diagnosing the patient harmonizing to the AACE. These standards are ( a ) symptoms of diabetes such as polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss and insouciant plasma glucose concentration of greater than or adjoin to 200 mg/ deciliter, ( B ) fasting plasma glucose concentration of greater than or equal to 126 mg/ deciliter, and ( degree Celsius ) 2-hour postchallenge glucose concentration of greater than or equal to 200 mg/ deciliter during a 75-gram offhanded glucose tolerance trial. ADiabetess Mellitus streakA survey done by the Diabetes Prevention Program ( DPP ) showed that intensive alterations in life style, quantified as diet and exercising for 30min/day five times/week in persons with impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) delayed the development of Type II DM by 58 % . ( Harrison s, 2008 ) . It was besides found out that metformin slowed down the simulate invoke or halted the development of Type II DM by 31 % compared to placebo. Peoples with a strong sensitivity to diabetes due to household history or impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose ( IFG ) , are strongly advised to keep a normal BMI and prosecute in regular exercising.Harmonizing to the recent ADA Consensus panel, persons with IFG and IGT who are at a high hazard for mannikined advance to diabetes ( age & lt 60 old ages, BMI & gt 35 kg/m2, household history of diabetes in the first-degree, elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL, high blood pressure, or A1C & gt 6.0 % ) could be appraised for Metformin intervention but non other medicines. abrupt complications of DMThe acute complications of diabetes are diabetic diabetic acidosis ( DKA ) and hyperglycemic hyperoslomar province ( HHS ) . Both upsets are associated with absolute or comparative insulin lack, pile depletion, and acid-base abnormalcies. These may ta ke to serious complications if non quickly remedied.Diabetic KetoacidosisThe usual label and symptoms of DKA are A sickness and emesis, hyperglycaemia, hypotension, Kussmaul respirations, nutlike Oder on the patient s breath, unjustified thirtst, and polyuria. DKA is characterized by hyperglycaemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis that is accompanied by secondary metabolic abnormalcies.Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar StateHHS may normally be seen in an healed person with Type II DM, with symptoms of polyuria, weight loss, and lessened unwritten consumption that preceded amiable confusion or coma. Physical test shows profound desiccation and hyperosmolarity with concomitat hypotension, tachycardia, and altered affable province. In contrast to DKA, HHS does non present with sickness, purging, group AB hurting and Kussmaul marks.Chronic complications of DMThe chronicity of the disease brings about systemic engagement that affects multiple organ systems. Complications may be divid ed into nonvascular and vascular complications. Nonvascular complications include gastroparesis, tegument alterations, and cataracts. vascular complications can be farther subdivided into micro and macrovascular. Microvascular alterations, which result from long standing hyperglycaemia include retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Macrovascular alterations include coronary arteria disease and peripheral arterial diseases.( NIkki, I ll direct you my bill of exchange. di ko cartridge kung tama. I Ca nt make the set here. )Figure 1.Conceptual ModelV. AimsA A A A A A A A A A A With the nature of the work and environment in a call centre industry, the survey aims to go back if working in a call centre predisposes an person to the development of Type II diabetes mellitus ( DM ) . Specifically, it aimsa. A A A A A A A To find the incidence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus within the period of survey.b. A A A A A A A To find the etiological factors associated with the development of Typ e II Diabetes Mellitus.VI. MentionsAACE Diabetes Mellitus Clinical Practice Guidelines Task Force ( 2007 ) . American association of clinical endocrinologists medical guidelines for clincial pattern for the direction of diabetes mellitus. Endocrine Practice. 133-68Andrews, R.C. , O. Herlihy, D.E.W. Livingstone et Al. ( 2002 ) . Abnormal hydrocortisone metamorphosis andtissue feeling to cortisol in patients with glucose intolerance. The diary of ClinicalEndocrinology 87 ( 12 ) 5587-5593.Di Tecco, D. , Cwitco, G. , Arsenault, A. , Andre, M. ( 1992 ) . Operator straining and MonitoringPractices. Appl Ergon 23, 147-53.dErrico, A. , Caputo, P. , Falcone, U. , Fubini, L. , Gilardi, L. , Mamo, C. , Migliardi, A. , Quarta, D. , and Coffano, E. ( 2010 ) . Hazard factors for upper growth musculoskeletal symptoms among call centre employees. Journal of occupational Health. 52115-124.Employment and Immigration. 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Retrieved September 11, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.bpap.org/bpap/publications/TG_SDS_PhilippineValueProposition_March2010 % 5B1 % 5D ( 2 ) .pdfRocha, LE. , Glina, DMR. , Marinho, MdF. , and Nakasato, D. ( 2005 ) . Hazard factors for musculoskeletal symptoms among call centre operators of a bank in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Industrial Health. 43637-646Ruiz, J. ( 2010 ) . HIV instances tide among Filipino yuppies, name centre workers. ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 10 September 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/01/27/10/hiv-cases-soar-among-filipino-yuppies-call-center-workersSudhashree, VP. , Rohith, K. and Shrinivas, K. ( 2005 ) . Issues and concerns of wellness among call centre employees. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environment Medicine. 9 ( 3 ) 129-132Tidy, C. ( 2009 ) . Diabetes mellitus. Filipino Medics. Retrieved 10 September 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.philippinemedics.com/diabetes-mellitus/UP Population Institute ( 2010 ) . Lifestyle, Health Status and Behavior of Young Workers in CallCenters and Other Industries Metro Manila and Metro Cebu. Retrieved 11 September2010 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/08/05/10/call-center-workers-diet-fast-food-caffe ine-and-alcohol