Essay on African American Minority Group - 822 Words

African American Minority Group ETH/125 African American Minority Group Among many of the ethnic groups that experienced a combination of segregation, racism, and prejudice; African Americans is one of the few that is still faced with one or more forms of discrimination today. The majority of African Americans came to the United States from Africa to be slaves, while others are citizens or residents of the United States from partial ancestry a form of the native population. In 1619, the first recorded Africans were recorded in British North America in Jamestown, Virginia, and the numbers began to increase as more English settlers died from harsh conditions and the Africans were brought to work as laborers. In the late 1700s†¦show more content†¦White Americans begin to form organizations that promoted white power, leading the organizations to practice out violence and destroy African Americans property. A popular white power organization called themselves the Ku Klux Klan and performed acts against blacks that included; lynching cross burn ings, physical violence, and house burnings towards African Americans. Although, the Ku Klux Klan was formed in 1867, it has been rumors that there are people that are still secretly members today. African Americans experienced a wider range of discrimination, segregation, and racism more so in the later days but still arise in society today. In a perfect world, no one would be judged by the color of their skin and society would focus on a person’s individual true character. Often times African Americans miss out on opportunities because they are being judged by the color of their skin, rather than their abilities. The United States has tried to provide Americans the rights to equal opportunity, by creating the Affirmative action. The affirmative action eliminates people being granted opportunities based on their race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation or national origin and ensures that minority groups within a society receive equal opportunities. Although, t he affirmative action was intended to diminish situations which cause people to participate in different forms of discrimination, but unless itShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Act Of 1964 Essay1444 Words   |  6 Pages The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was significant to African Americans because the act ended segregation in public places and ended employment prejudice based on the pigment of skin, national origin, gender, ethnicity, or/and religion. The Act was one of the most momentous events to impact African Americans on the account of bringing equality to minorities on paper and giving them opportunities to voice their political and community concerns. However, there were unforeseen consequences that added toRead MoreReparations Should Not Be Paid758 Words   |  4 PagesReparations should not be paid, because they will be seen as a final payment. The general population would feel that reparations would be the ultimate closure, and that African-Americans are not owed further. Law rie Balfour at the University of Virginia in 2005 stated that â€Å"the closure afforded by reparations means that no more will be owed to Blacks than is owed to any citizen under the law. Given the depth of societal denial about the significance and effects of slavery and the pervasiveness ofRead MoreAfrican American Nursing Students Have The Lowest Graduation Rate Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough African-Americans represent the largest minority group, studies show they have the lowest success rates in nursing programs. According to the AACN (2013), â€Å"African-American nursing students have the lowest graduation rate when compared to other minority groups†. The lack of minorities providing care negatively effects healthcare outcomes and accessibility. In order to increase the number of African-Americans nurses practicing, it is essential to gain an understanding of the conditionsRead MoreHealth Promotion Among Black or African Population Gcu1095 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Promotion Among Black or African American Population [Your Name] Grand Canyon University: Family-Centered Health Promotion(NRS-429V) January 10, 2016  Health Promotion Among Black or African American Population The Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2015) notes that â€Å"Starting in 1997, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) requires federal agencies to use a minimum of five race categories: White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, AsianRead MoreJohn Ogbu s Oppositional Culture Theory1325 Words   |  6 Pageseducational performance by looking at the societal structures of minorities. Ogbu uses case studies which he looks at the affluent neighborhoods that represent oppositional culture. There are several explanations as to academic disengagement among certain minorities. He also looks at white academic efforts and explanations of their own disengagement. According to James Ainsworth-Darnell and Douglas Downey, they state that, â€Å"Immigrant minorities tend to compare their condition to that of relatives in theirRead MoreThe Fight Against The Minority Groups1740 Words   |  7 PagesProtect The recent political climate in this country has placed more focus on the rights of minorities. The current discourse is fierce, and it revolves around how much should be done when it comes to representing and fighting for minorities who are being discriminated against. The recent spike in hate crimes has done little to appease fears within these minority groups, and the persecution of minorities will create more problems for not just them, but for every citizen in this country. It is withRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Racial Profiling1418 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the many controversial topics is racial profiling. For centuries, America has looked down and discriminated minorities and it still continues today. It began when minorities started to immigrate to America in search of better lives. Most whites believed in white supremacy and thought minorities were aliens. The police use racial profiling mostly towards minority groups. Racial profiling is the use of race or a skin co lor to suspect someone of doing an offense. While some people think thatRead MoreHousing Segregation and Minority Groups in the United States840 Words   |  4 Pagesapplication of denying minority groups, especially African Americans, equal access to housing through misinterpretation, which denies people of color finance services and opportunities to afford decent housing. Caucasians usually live in areas that are mostly white communities. However, African Americans are most likely lives in areas that are racially combines with African Americans and Hispanics. A miscommunication of property owners not giving African American groups gives an accurate descriptionRead MoreRace Class Gender 456 Final Exam1311 Words   |  6 PagesSociologist Donald Noel’s hypotheses state, â€Å"If two or more groups come together in a contact situation characterized by ethnocentrism, competition, and a differential in power, then some form of racial or ethnic stratification will result (He aley O Brien, 2015, p. 104). In this hypothesis, the contact situation is the initial contact of the groups and results in a dominant and minority group. Ethnocentrism is defined by our tendency to judge other groups or cultures based upon our own standards establishingRead MoreSocial Injustice: Invisibility and Suppression Among Minorities1254 Words   |  6 Pagespost-1865 American literature is the recurrent motif of suppression among minority groups in the United States. The literature provided in the Heath Anthology reflects minority citizens like African Americans, Hispanics, and women. American literature during the 20th century serves as a critical lens to examine the social injustices faced by minority groups. Minority artists use literature to examine and redefine their pre-determined role in society. The critically acclaimed African American scholar

Feminism And The Feminist Theory - 1942 Words

 ¬Ã‚ ¬Olivia Fogel Mr. Bumiller AP Literature and Composition 10 June 2015 Feminist Theory Research Paper Though feminism and the feminist theory are often construed as the same philosophy, the two are related, yet different concepts. Feminism is defined as, â€Å"the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes† (Merriam Webster Dictionary). In turn, a feminist is an individual who believes that men and women should be equal politically, economically, culturally, and socially (Definitions of Branches of Feminist). However, the feminist theory is not simply the belief that the sexes should be equal or that women have been historically subjected to lower status and treatment than men. Rather, the feminist theory is the culmination of many beliefs about men, women, and gender roles; mainly, the feminist theory addresses how gender roles are unequal and how gender influences aspects of everyday life (â€Å"Feminist Literary Theory†) (Moffitt). In this way, the feminist theory can be used to analyze a variety of texts, including the poems, the â€Å"Sir en Song† by Margaret Atwood and â€Å"It’s a Woman’s World† by Eavan Boland. Both poems display connections to the feminist theory, particularly in how gender roles and inequality between the sexes influence the poets’ purposes to address male and female stereotypes and encourage change. Although Atwood did not initially intend to debate political and ethical questions in her works, many of her books and poems do exactly that.Show MoreRelatedFeminist Theory Of Feminism1245 Words   |  5 Pagesinvited to feel welcome to participate in the conversation ( Watson, 2014). In the feminist perspective, which is an extension of feminism, there is support of equality for both women and men. Feminism is a belief that women and men have equal rights and opportunities. There are many different branches in the feminist perspective, one of the most interesting one is intersectional feminism. Intersectional feminism believes that experiences of class, gender, an d race can not be adequately understoodRead MoreFeminist Theory Of Feminism1766 Words   |  8 Pages Feminism is a fight against oppression, but white supremacy exists within feminist movements, which is an obvious contradiction of the theory. â€Å"The feminist movement has centered on the experiences of White women and dismissed the experiences of Women of Color† (Feenstra, 2017, p. 67). In an article titled, From White Feminism to Intersectional Advocacy: The Development of a White Antiracist Identity, Abby Elizabeth Feenstra, a feminist illuminates her journey to becoming conscious of her whiteRead MoreFeminism : A Feminist Theory1301 Words   |  6 PagesWGS 3600: Feminist Theory Frankie Snyder and Jax McMillian Due: 12/10/2015 Feminism is gender liberation Feminism needs to be more broadly defined in terms of gender liberation to encompass individuals from all walks of genders (or nongenders). Separating gender nonconforming issues from feminism is erasive; marginalized gender nonconforming individuals should not be told to fend for themselves and their own rights due to a multitude of oppressions experienced by these individuals (based on the prejudicialRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Theory Essay2030 Words   |  9 PagesThe feminist theory takes the motion of the feminist equal rights movement and transforms it into a theoretical study. This rather new approach explores the status of females and equality activists as well as their role in society relating to others. The feminist theory explains what is relevant to women and the women s movement as well as how definitions are changing over time, whether they are sociological, philosophical, or psychological (Grosz, 2010). As the gender gap closes in our societyRead MoreFeminism A nd The Postmodern Feminist Theory1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe evolution of feminist theory from a modern to a postmodern viewpoint stands to correct the injustices of historically liberal feminism. For some time, grand narratives have governed the ideas of self and gender from a single experience of â€Å"man†. Traditionally, modern feminism aimed to eradicate the hegemonic theory of inferiority by women to the male gender. Postmodern feminism aspires to eliminate categories of gender altogether, for the social construct of gender is considered to disregardRead MoreFeminist Theory Of Feminism1697 Words   |  7 Pagesno longer a surprise that gender equality continues to be a problem in our society. Although all feminists agree that it is a prominent issue, they have different ways of combating it. Some feminists agree with having a sex/gender distinction, which uses â€Å"sex† as the term to describe biological features and â€Å"gender† as the term to descr ibe the social standings. Due to his distinction, many feminists believe that the social implications, or gender, needs to be changed to achieve equality. Two approachesRead MoreFeminist Theory : The Beginnings Of Feminism1571 Words   |  7 Pages The Beginnings of Feminism â€Å"Feminist theory is an attempt to bring in views from the movement and other female experiences along with research and data information to create new ways to putting an end to female oppression (Kolmar and Bartkowski 12).† Women of all time periods use feminist theory to collaborate together on their real life experiences to come up with ways to make women apart of everyday life. Throughout the different time periods, women have gained more and more power into societyRead MoreEssay on Feminism and Modern Feminist Theory1068 Words   |  5 Pages Feminism is a body of social theory and political movement primarily based on and motivated by the experiences of women. While generally providing a critique of social relations, many proponents of feminism also focus on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of womens rights, interests, and issues. Feminist theory aims to understand the nature of gender inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations and sexuality. Feminist political activism campaigns on issues such asRead MoreEssay Feminism and feminist social theory 1100 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism and feminist social theory unlike other theoretical perspectives is woman-centered and inter-disciplinary, hence promotes methods of achieving social justice. The feminism and feminist social theory takes into consideration three questions, what of the women? Why is the present social world as it is today? Additionally, how can the social world be changed to make it more just for the women and all people alike? In recent developments, feminist theorists have begun questioning the differencesRead MoreFeminism Final Exam : Feminist Theory1851 Words   |  8 PagesAlonia Lewis Prof Barnes Feminism Final Exam May 4, 2016 In feminist theory there are two ways to study and research epistemology. There is the Essentialist (standpoint) theory and there is the Social constructivist (post structuralist). The essentialist epistemology is to view certain roles as being the way they are because that is the way that nature has intended it to be. While the post structuralist standpoint is viewing knowledge as if it is all man made. It is to say that everything is

Earth-Like Planets Free Essays

Running head: Earth-Like Planets Earth-Like Planets T. Nailor Miller-Motte College Online Critical Thinking – GS235 Dr. Marshall Lloyd Earth-Like Planets Introduction Do you believe that there is life on other planets? Better yet, do you believe that there is another planet that looks like earth? As far as I can remember, there has always been the question of â€Å"is there life in outer space? I remember being in grade school wondering if there were humans or aliens on other planets and if they were trying to communicate with us. We will write a custom essay sample on Earth-Like Planets or any similar topic only for you Order Now Around January 1986 the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded during takeoff in front of the entire world. As a teenager, this event was tragic and amazing at the same time because I felt that we were on our way to discovering new planets, solar systems, and other life forms. This tragic event was the start of my interest in outer space. Fast forward to 2012, the science community has greatly advanced our technology since the mid-eighties. Today, we have computers in everything, all types of space probes orbiting the universe, and unbelievable amounts of knowledge about outer space and other planets, but yet, and still, no proof of life in outer space. Will we ever know? Will we ever meet aliens? Only time will tell and personally I think we will, soon! After searching for an interesting subject to cover for this paper, I have discovered a very interesting article on the U. S. News website titled â€Å"Earth-Like Planet Found in Nearest Star System†. According to the article scientist say they have discovered a planet that looks like earth orbiting a star that bears a resemblance to our sun. The planet is said to be about 25 trillion miles away, making it very difficult for a space probe to reach the planet using current technology. It is estimated to take about 40,000 years to reach this planet, even though it is in the next closest planetary system to ours. â€Å"The planet, dubbed Alpha Centauri Bb, orbits a star in the Alpha Centauri system, a clump of three stars that are closer to us than any others in the night sky. It’s called Alpha Centauri Bb because the planet orbits the clump’s second-closest star, Alpha Centauri B (Cline, 2012)†. The question here is does this planet really exist, being that it is so far away? The science community and other publications believe that it does. The articles give some clues that are questionable and not all researchers agree that the planet is there. However, there are those who are absolutely convince that it actually exist. â€Å"The exquisitely high-quality data required to find an Earth-like planet doesn’t just happen by chance,† UC Berkeley astronomer Geoff Marcy wrote in an email (Khan, 2012). The writer seems to be very interested in this subject, but he only presented a few sources to start with. The main source is the lead scientist along with ten other scientists, who first published the original paper detailing and describing the entire discovery at eso. org. The reasons to accept this is that the writer provides information in the article that quotes a well-known scientist named Xavier Dumusque, a scientist at Geneva Observatory and lead author of the paper that published the discovery. Plus, the recent findings of other earth like planets, the huge amount of evidence available and the shear advancement of our technology are all motives to continue our search. Use of a special instrument that detects signal variations attached to the European Southern Observatory’s (ESO) telescope in La Silla, Chile (Cline S. , 2012), the excitement of the science community, and a special scientific technique called radial velocity (the velocity of an object in the direction of the line of sight) suggests this discovery is a major accomplishment. The writer also quoted Dumusque saying â€Å"It’s an extraordinary discovery and it has pushed our technique to the limit! † (Cline S. , 2012). What technique or techniques is the scientist referring to? What are our technical and technological limits at this point in time? Although we are able to send man to the moon, build an international space station, and send space probes deep into outer space, does not necessarily explain our technological abilities in detail. However, this information does suggest to the public that we are getting closer and closer to discovering other earth like planets. â€Å"We can’t be alone† The science community is getting very close to discovering earth-like planets and extraterrestrial life in outer space. This is considered a alued assumption among many researchers and astronomers. To date, they have actually discovered more than 800 of these exoplanets amongst the billions and billions of stars in our galaxy. The more planets found like HD40307g, the more they resemble earth with earth-like characteristics (the spinning on its axis, having a night and a day, and orbiting in the habitable zone). Astronomers are also finding them closer to our solar system. Another assumption of these findings are that humans are developing and advancing technology to communicate, navigate, and live in outer space in the near future. NASA said no candidate planet discovered thus far by Kepler â€Å"is exactly like Earth,† but noted that the spacecraft â€Å"has collected enough data to begin finding true sun-Earth analogs—Earth-size planets with a one-year orbit around stars similar to the sun. † (Poeter, 2012) According to space. com, private companies and NASA are working together to take the next step forward of launching humans into outer space. Entering the term space settlement, suggest that people can or will be living and working outside of earth, on the moon, mars, or in huge rotating orbital space settlements. The total energy resources of this solar system are about 2. 3 billion times the energy available on Earth. This is simply the Sun’s energy output — and the Sun is an enormous nuclear fusion reactor that works perfectly right now, today, and is perfectly safe — or at least isn’t going away (Globus, 2007). The claim regarding the existence of earth-like planets, do not contain any fallacies or reasoning tricks. The researchers, scientists, and astronomers are providing honest, verifiable, and creditable evidence regarding this subject. Their approach to discover earth-like planets may be from the heart and they may be very diligent in the exploration of the universe. Most of those involved including journalists who report these findings are well educated, intelligent, and experienced in the science of space study. â€Å"The interesting thing is that if they threw out some of their data, they got more precise measurements,† Eric Ford, an astronomer at the University of Florida at Gainesville, said in an interview (Khan, 2012). The use of misconceptions or myths would damage and be detrimental to their careers, reputation, and progress. Delusional reporting will only distort previous evidence of other exoplanets in outer space and therefore would challenge all findings. The clear and obvious evidence is the universal agreement among the science community in regards to the technological advancements, development of new techniques, quality of data and the cooperation and collaborative efforts of them all. The productivity of 21st century devices used to explore space produce unimaginable audio, visual, and tangible information that was never before possible. For example, the International Space Station is near completion, the Hubble Telescope orbits at the edge of the Milky Way Galaxy, and the recent landing of a space probe on Mars, are great accomplishments towards this effort in discovering life outside of earth. This supports the progression in science and is clear evidence that supports information reported by researchers, journalists, and scientists. The finding (of HD40307g) has yet to be confirmed by other analysis or observations. Not everyone is convinced this particular planet exists (Khan, 2012). There are those who are critical of the discovery of exoplanets. Eventually this will lead to more studies, research, and input on behalf of the critics. Either way this will also add to the efforts of space science as a whole. The conclusion is the science community and research scientists have found earth-like planets and we humans are closer to finding extraterrestrial life in outer space. According to several websites in the astronomer’s community, an extra-solar planet, or exoplanet, is a planet outside our Solar System but still within our Milky Way galaxy. A total of 846 such planets (665 planetary systems, including 126 multiple planetary systems) have been identified as of November 8, 2012, all of them within the Milky Way galaxy (â€Å"The extrasolar encyclopaedia,† 2012). Scientists around the world are very excited about the discovery of these exoplanets, especially Alpha Centauri Bb. According to The Independent and the L. A. Times, a new earth like planet that could have a climate that supports life and water adds to the excitement. The new planet, HD40307g is said to be in a multi-world solar system about 42 light years from our sun and sits at the right distance from its sun to allow liquid water on its surface. â€Å"It orbits well within in the stars habitable or Goldilocks zone – the region where temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold to sustain life (Hall, 2012). † With the discoveries of these planets and the rapid advancement of technology, discovering life in outer space appears to be believable and achievable. References 1. Cline, S. (2012, October 17). Earth-like planet found in nearest star system. Retrieved from http://www. usnews. com/news/articles/2012/10/17/earth-like-planet-found-in-nearest-star-system_print. html 2. The extrasolar encyclopaedia . (2012, November 8). Retrieved from http://exoplanet. eu/ 3. Khan, A. (2012, November 7). Possible earth-like planet could hold water; scientists cautious. Retrieved from http://articles. latimes. com/2012/nov/07/science/la-sci-sn-earthlike-planet-water-atmosphere-red-light-20121107 4. Hall, J. (2012, November 8). Revealed: New earth-like planet that could have a life-supporting climate and water. Retrieved from http://www. independent. co. uk/news/science/revealed-new-earthlike-planet-that-could-have-a-lifesupporting-climate-and-water-8297750. html – (Hall, 2012) 5. Globus, A. (2007, August 2). Space settlement and war. Retrieved from http://www. space. com/4140-space-settlement-war. html – (Globus, 2007) 6. Poeter, D. (2012, November 17). NASA’s Kepler renews hunt for earth-like planets. Retrieved from http://www. pcmag. com/article2/0,2817,2412264,00. asp – (Poeter, 2012) How to cite Earth-Like Planets, Papers

My Inspirational Babysitter free essay sample

â€Å"†¦Kathy has schizophrenia,† my mom said.While my mom talked, I did not know what to think.Kathy had always seemed like everyone else, but in reality, she wasn’t.Since I was a year old, when my parents worked, Kathy and I played games, watched kids’ shows, and talked about whatever came to our minds.When she arrived at the house, my eyes lit up in anticipation of the board games we would play and the pasta she would cook.Never once did she get annoyed by my demand for her attention or my sore loser habits.No matter the circumstance, I was always more important than her.Kathy’s everlasting kindness and smile still make me smile today. The nights after learning about Kathy’s disorder, I wondered whether Kathy’s kindness was a result of the condition.How could a â€Å"mental disorder† have such a positive side effect?As time went on, I began to take note of Kathy’s social abnormalities. We will write a custom essay sample on My Inspirational Babysitter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The simplest occurrences now started to make sense.Although Kathy was my parents’ age, her only job was babysitting my brother and me.Kathy never had a man in her life but seemed to never want one.The disorder clearly affected Kathy, yet that hasn’t stopped her from being the gracious person that she is. Now a junior in high school, I sat at a side table in the restaurant Luigi’s with my mom and Kathy.I had known about Kathy’s condition for a few years.Voices circled the wooden walls of the large room. Kathy, meanwhile, suggested a solution to the constant annoyance all brass players deal with: the spit valve puddle.If spit has to be continually unloaded from any given brass instrument, why does the spit always have to end up on the floor?Kathy’s solution was a â€Å"spit sponge† that would catch all spit released from the spit valve.After describing her invention to my mom and me, Kathy explained how she could not make any use out of her idea.Therefore, she decided to give the idea to me, if I ever wanted to do anything with it.She told me, â€Å"Mike, you are one of the most important people in my life, and I wouldn’t want anyone else to have it.† I now do not talk about Kathy’s condition often. Nonetheless, Kathy represents more than just a babysitter.She regularly comes down for dinner and never misses one of my band concerts.Through battling the hurdles of life, Kathy supports my every move and brightens my worst days.Whether I break up with my girlfriend or get a bad grade on a test, Kathy’s everlasting kindness and smile always cheer me up.Since Kathy makes such a difference in my life, she motivates me to be the best person I can be.With Kathy as inspiration, I want to push through adversity and make the most out of life that I can.

Greek Philosophers Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers,

Greek Philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle had virtually the same beliefs about man's relation to the State, although Plato's political theory of the State was more rational than Socrates or Aristotle's. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle all believed that man was not self-sufficient, they believed man would be most happy living in a State. They also believed that all men wanted to live the truly good life where they could be in tune with the truth and achieve their ultimate goals. Although Socrates, Plato and Aristotle's political views of the State are similar, Plato's view is more rational than Socrates and Aristotle's in the sense that he created an ideal State. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were three philosophers in ancient Greece who believed that no man was self-sufficient enough to live on his own. Plato believed "a State comes into existence because no individual is self-sufficing" (Stumph, 70). This theory of Plato's was also shared by Aristotle who said "He who is unable to live in society or who has no need because he is sufficient for himself, must either be a beast or a god" (Stumph, 103). These two views indicate the importance of a State to an individual according to Plato and Aristotle. All three philosophers believed that man would be much happier if he was part of a State rather than on his own. Socrates once stated "We are all more productive if we specialize in one thing rather than try to excel at many things" (Stumph, 40). Within the State Socrates believed that there would be a division of labour for the provision of food, shelter and clothing. An individual living outside of a State would have to provide themselves with these necessities. As Socrates stated above within the State you would specialize in one thing only, while a different individual would specialize in something else and this would allow the quality and the quantity of the product to increase. "Plato assumes that we are all born with physical and intellectual equipment that makes us suited to perform some tasks better than others" (Rice, 42). So now individuals only have to specialize in something that they are physically and intellectually suited for according to Plato. These three philosophers believed that if man could be more productive by specializing in something that they are suited for they would be happier. Aristotle made the point that "Every community is established with the view to some good; and that mankind always act in order to obtain that which they think good" (Copleston, 351). Socrates, Plato and Aristotle all believed that man needs to be part of a State in order to live a truly good life. For Plato, who concerned himself with the truly good life for man, it was imperative to determine the true function of the State. He believed that the State was crucial in order for man to live a good life. Plato wrote that "a proper government would lead to a peaceful, ordered society in which all humans needs are met" (Copleston, 223). Meeting the needs of the people was very important within the State, and to help meet the needs of the people Plato thought that the relationship between the individual and the State would be similar to the relationship between parents and their children. This meant that the government would have power over the people but the people would be considered in the decision making. Aristotle viewed the State as "The agency for enabling people to achieve their ultimate goals as human beings" (Stumph, 103). He thought that within the State you were free and able to obtain your needs or 'goals' in life. Aristotle also made the point that "the State exists for the sake of everyone's moral and intellectual fulfillment" (Stumph, 105). Socrates also believed in man's true happiness, which is what is in man's best interest, not just something that will make him temporarily happy, such as alcohol. He believed that the State was where man would be truly happy. Although Socrates, Plato and Aristotle had similar views on the State, Plato's view is more rational. "Plato's political theory is developed in close connection with his ethics" (Copleston, 223). He believed strongly in the wants of man, "The State does not exist simply in order to further the economic needs of men, for man is not simply 'Economic Man,' but for happiness, to develop them in the good life" (Copleston, 226). In Plato's Republic we wanted poets, but he also objected to the way they speak about the gods, and Greek Philosophers Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers, Greek Philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle had virtually the same beliefs about man's relation to the State, although Plato's political theory of the State was more rational than Socrates or Aristotle's. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle all believed that man was not self-sufficient, they believed man would be most happy living in a State. They also believed that all men wanted to live the truly good life where they could be in tune with the truth and achieve their ultimate goals. Although Socrates, Plato and Aristotle's political views of the State are similar, Plato's view is more rational than Socrates and Aristotle's in the sense that he created an ideal State. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were three philosophers in ancient Greece who believed that no man was self-sufficient enough to live on his own. Plato believed "a State comes into existence because no individual is self-sufficing" (Stumph, 70). This theory of Plato's was also shared by Aristotle who said "He who is unable to live in society or who has no need because he is sufficient for himself, must either be a beast or a god" (Stumph, 103). These two views indicate the importance of a State to an individual according to Plato and Aristotle. All three philosophers believed that man would be much happier if he was part of a State rather than on his own. Socrates once stated "We are all more productive if we specialize in one thing rather than try to excel at many things" (Stumph, 40). Within the State Socrates believed that there would be a division of labour for the provision of food, shelter and clothing. An individual living outside of a State would have to provide themselves with these necessities. As Socrates stated above within the State you would specialize in one thing only, while a different individual would specialize in something else and this would allow the quality and the quantity of the product to increase. "Plato assumes that we are all born with physical and intellectual equipment that makes us suited to perform some tasks better than others" (Rice, 42). So now individuals only have to specialize in something that they are physically and intellectually suited for according to Plato. These three philosophers believed that if man could be more productive by specializing in something that they are suited for they would be happier. Aristotle made the point that "Every community is established with the view to some good; and that mankind always act in order to obtain that which they think good" (Copleston, 351). Socrates, Plato and Aristotle all believed that man needs to be part of a State in order to live a truly good life. For Plato, who concerned himself with the truly good life for man, it was imperative to determine the true function of the State. He believed that the State was crucial in order for man to live a good life. Plato wrote that "a proper government would lead to a peaceful, ordered society in which all humans needs are met" (Copleston, 223). Meeting the needs of the people was very important within the State, and to help meet the needs of the people Plato thought that the relationship between the individual and the State would be similar to the relationship between parents and their children. This meant that the government would have power over the people but the people would be considered in the decision making. Aristotle viewed the State as "The agency for enabling people to achieve their ultimate goals as human beings" (Stumph, 103). He thought that within the State you were free and able to obtain your needs or 'goals' in life. Aristotle also made the point that "the State exists for the sake of everyone's moral and intellectual fulfillment" (Stumph, 105). Socrates also believed in man's true happiness, which is what is in man's best interest, not just something that will make him temporarily happy, such as alcohol. He believed that the State was where man would be truly happy. Although Socrates, Plato and Aristotle had similar views on the State, Plato's view is more rational. "Plato's political theory is developed in close connection with his ethics" (Copleston, 223). He believed strongly in the wants of man, "The State does not exist simply in order to further the economic needs of men, for man is not simply 'Economic Man,' but for happiness, to develop them in the good life" (Copleston, 226). In Plato's Republic we wanted poets, but he also objected to the way they speak about the gods, and

Free Essays on Early America

The era that was seventeenth century colonial America was very different from today’s times. The society that existed at that time had very different views on life and how it should occur. The daily routines were very unlike ours even tough it may be hard to believe. Even families, which seem to be a non-changing faction in history, were also distinct in size and order. (Thomas XIII) John Demos commented that â€Å"the colonial family was ‘extended’ rather than nuclear. False.† John Demos, who in a study of Bristol , Rhode Island, came up with conclusions about family life in early America that contradicted ideas previously accepted by historians.(Hawke 58). An extended family includes the core group of males which are a grandfather, adult sons and sons’ sons, their wives, and their unmarried daughters. (Brooks 27) Demos’s idea is basically this one. The house in the colonial times shaped the home. What he means by this is that you could not h ave an extended family that included servants, apprentices, and other non-kinfolk in a house that measured twenty feet by twenty feet and rose only a story and a half. Even if you added another room, you would only have enough livable space for a nuclear family which consisted of parents and children. This was due to the high number of children in a family. The average number was about seven to ten. Some far exceeded that, others barely managed having two or three. (Hawke, 58-59). In the early colonial families, every member had a different â€Å"job.† The head of the family was mostly the father. He presided over family prayers and worked on the family farm. Mothers usually raised the children, acted as midwives to other women in town, and tended to household chores. (Walker 86). Up until about the age eight, boys and girls wore the same thing. They only wore wool or linen dresses. After a boy reached the age of eight or nine, he would begin to help out with the fatherâ€⠄¢s job, which was f... Free Essays on Early America Free Essays on Early America The era that was seventeenth century colonial America was very different from today’s times. The society that existed at that time had very different views on life and how it should occur. The daily routines were very unlike ours even tough it may be hard to believe. Even families, which seem to be a non-changing faction in history, were also distinct in size and order. (Thomas XIII) John Demos commented that â€Å"the colonial family was ‘extended’ rather than nuclear. False.† John Demos, who in a study of Bristol , Rhode Island, came up with conclusions about family life in early America that contradicted ideas previously accepted by historians.(Hawke 58). An extended family includes the core group of males which are a grandfather, adult sons and sons’ sons, their wives, and their unmarried daughters. (Brooks 27) Demos’s idea is basically this one. The house in the colonial times shaped the home. What he means by this is that you could not h ave an extended family that included servants, apprentices, and other non-kinfolk in a house that measured twenty feet by twenty feet and rose only a story and a half. Even if you added another room, you would only have enough livable space for a nuclear family which consisted of parents and children. This was due to the high number of children in a family. The average number was about seven to ten. Some far exceeded that, others barely managed having two or three. (Hawke, 58-59). In the early colonial families, every member had a different â€Å"job.† The head of the family was mostly the father. He presided over family prayers and worked on the family farm. Mothers usually raised the children, acted as midwives to other women in town, and tended to household chores. (Walker 86). Up until about the age eight, boys and girls wore the same thing. They only wore wool or linen dresses. After a boy reached the age of eight or nine, he would begin to help out with the fatherâ€⠄¢s job, which was f...

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Effect of Policy on Youth Offending Rates

Effect of Policy on Youth Offending Rates Introduction The purpose of this dissertation is to see if the government policy for youth offending has reduced the amount of youth offenders and also if government’s strategies are affective in order to tackle youth offending. Chapter 1 Define youth offending; what are youth offending and what crimes are classified as youth offending and what the major of youth crime activity is taken place. The change of crime in youths before and now. What is youth offending and what policies are used to deal with criminal activity youth offender. What types of crime are considered as offending for youth? What is Youth Offending?, Who Are Youth Offenders? Youth is considered in the criminal justice system a young person or child age from 10-17 as stated by the Youth justice board .A child or young person who breaks the Law and is guilty is classified as a youth offender. Youth crime can consist of different types of criminal actively such as anti- social behaviour, theft, assault and even murder. This is similar to adult crime as breaking the Law is considered as a criminal offence no matter the age. Youth crime can be proven to harm and be dangerous to the community. It could damage the future of the youth by having a life of crime. According to the House office Youth crime â€Å"harms communities, creates a culture of fear and damages the lives of some of our most vulnerable young people† (www.homeoffice.gov.uk) .The impact of youth crime has caused a disturbance within society which has resulted in policies changing quite often in order to overcome youth crime. Out of the youth justice system young could be a different margin for example from seventeen to twenty-one in general terms is classified as young In many countries crime committed by young people and children has become a major battle of politicians. Many politicians believe that youth offenders should be prepared to receive the punishment for the crime they have committed. According to (Simon,2000) â€Å" politicians across the political spectrum have demanded that if a young offenders are prepared to ‘do the crime’ they should also be prepared to ‘do the time’ and that in some cases they should do this ‘time in the same place as adults† (Pitts,J. (2003).) The government have become aware of youth offending and are taking it much more seriously the previously. Punishment has been considered is the main way youths should suffer the same as adults for the actions. Young people and crime have many similarities with the adult offenders. Both adult and youth may have a balance between â€Å"punishment, rehabilitation and deterrence and that between the rights and responsibilities (including the victims) of offender†. ( Pitts,J. (2003). p71) there are different types of sentences from discharges to custody and fines depending on the offence. The England and Wales criminal justice system identifies young people aged between ten and seventeen are classified as youth and are dealt with in a different justice system which is called the youth justice system. Youth offenders have its â€Å"own courts, custodial institutions, professional personnel and in many cases sentences† ( Kirton, D. (2005)) This has become the main part in the youth justice system as children and young people’s mentality and understanding are different to adults so therefore children and young people may not be fully aware and fully at fault for the offence. Youth justice system is a system created so treatment is the main priority of young people and children who are suffering from welfare and other problems as educational, poverty and drugs etc. The youth justice system would consider that the evidence regarding the youth offender and decided what is the best punishment or treatment need which is going to benefit the youth. This is done mainly to prevent the youth from offending again by tackling the problems before it could mean the youth is less likely to offend again. Some organisations consider twenty one year olds or even up to twenty five or thirty as young but according to the youth justice system over seventeen years of age is considered full responsible for the offence so the criminal justice system would deal with the case of over seventeen people. The youth justice believe that youths aged from ten to seventeen are not in the full state of mind compared to an adult for example if a ten year old was to kill someone they would not be liable for a first degree murder due to they cannot distinguish between right and wrong. some groups believe that youths who commit a offence should have the same punishments as adults and others believe that youths at ages from ten to seventeen cannot full be responsible for the action (Jamie bugler case two ten years old killed a child younger then them) Youth policies in the justice system regarding youth offending are mainly set by the government which have installed the youth justice board during the years of 1998 and 1999. Policies were set before by the government and still are mainly but the youth justice board is there to make sure organisations who are trying to prevent youth offending are doing their jobs. Policies such as the Crime and Disorder act in 1998 which was a policy set by the government to create multi-agency panels in order to achieve effectiveness and efficiency. Standards had to be achieved as it was consider as the biggest â€Å"shake up† in the youth justice system according to â€Å"Jack straw† (Pitts,J. (2003). P88). Policies could benefit for and against for example policies regarding social, economical, health and welfare were seen as the main policies for organisations who worked for youth offenders to apply such as the Treatment of youth offenders. Then policies regarding tougher punishments were put in to action now a more multi-agency with treatment and also punishment depending on evidence policy is present. Were it would be considered by a panel which would decided what would be the best method for the youth offender not to re-offend. The main policies regarding youth offenders are introduced by the government s rules and regulations for youth organisations, new legislations and Laws. The youth justice system was introduced policies in force were changing quite often as punishment was the main type of sentence but due to children and adults having their differences (mental, economical, knowledge). Duty of care for children and young people should be considered as from research according to Derek Kirton it could be said that many youth offenders suffer from poor welfare, economical issues, family, health and educational problems. Accoutring to the Home office statistics levels of youth offenders you have these problems are quite high. Punishment may not be considered the best method to help youths in welfare problems. As a result of this future policies changed in order to prevent youth offending by offering treatment instead of punishment. Policies may change depending on research and results as improvement may not be visible. The youth justice system is a system that is created to deal with young people who have offended as it is believed that the young should be treated differently for the offence as young people are not fully aware and knowledgeable as an adult. This system was first introduced in the nineteenth century as pressure from groups by the media, religious, and welfare believed that children are less aware of the offences they commit then an adult. Before the youth justice system was developed young people and children were no different to adults as youths would also be sentenced to the adult jail. After a short period of time when there was no differences for youths and adults, â€Å"industrial schools were introduced for seven to fourteen year olds convicted of vagrancy†( Pitts,J 2003).) as â€Å"Newborn 1995 † stated .these industrial schools were to keep youths out of adult prisons due to the level of corruption and brutality in the adult prisons. Youths and children would stay in the industrial school like it was a jail just for young people and children. The system for youths started to change even more as industrial schools started to expand and more children and young people were held there. As a result of this pressures from political groups due to the increasing level of crimes among youths was getting out of control and media and many off the public became aware of this. â€Å"Informal social controls and the drunkenness, vice, violence and crime to which gave rise† (Pitts,J 2003). It became a major scare as many believed that the justice system and other groups cannot control this crisis. As this crisis was mainly for social controls the media, police and politicians main priority was to control and to remove the crisis. As the level of crime was rising the method of the industrial schools should how unstable the policies and strategies were. it shows that the strategies and the policies of punishment is clearly not working as crime is escalating . During this time punishment was tough unlike today where children and young people have they own justice system and are not as tough on punishment as it was around two centuries ago. Then youths and children were punished similar as how adults were .The social controls were out of hand and it was decided by the government to create committees which would concentrate on the â€Å"treatment† (Pitts,J 2003)of the youth offender instead of punishment. The government created two committees which were â€Å"Gladstone committee and the Lushingto committee† (Pitts,J 2003) these committees were created to be less–tough on youths offenders as they believed that treatment instead of punishment would reduce crime. This may perhaps be that what the government wants to do deal with the problem before it occurs for example a child or young person may offend due to problems at home or even educational problems as a result the committees would try to help children or young people over come this problem as if not treated then a youth may be in a condition where they are not fully aware of offending (need example to back me up) custody was also introduced by the government as the offender could be confined. Treatment was also only offered if there was enough evidence to support the fact that the child was affected by any of the following sciences consisting of paediatrics, child psychology, criminology and penology. This was a newer form of youth justice introduced by the youth justice system, but responsibility was held by the juvenile courts according to (Pitts,J 2003). Chapter 2 Historical context of youth offending, what were the previous strategies and how were they implemented? What are the current strategies (ones that are used now) and what strategies are being considered for the future. What are the objectives of the strategies? The Youth Justice System. What it is, how it is used, the benefits and the weakness of the system. What are the objectives of the governments youth justice strategies. What objectives have been achieved and what are the aims of the government to achieve the target. Have the government met the objectives if so how The aim of the youth justice system is to reduce this major problem of youth crime by building safer communities and to tackle the problem of social exclusion (Home Office, 2008). Social exclusion has led individuals and groups to suffer as it has partitioned them to participate with society activities due to their socioeconomic factors. Chapter 3 What and How effective are the current strategies in place to deal with youth offenders.figures that show Yots etc are working , Talk about organisations such Yots, parenting schemes and other methods used by the government .. The positives and negatives, such as cost etc. what they are doing to try and achieve their aim. Talk about some youth programmes set up in order to reduce crime. Yots mainly but look at other services . In order to tackle youth crime the government introduced the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 where Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) where introduced. These teams are multi-agency bodies with the primary aim of preventing offending by children and young people†. Their aim is also to prevent young people from re-offending in which support is given to them by the YOTs (Bateman et al, 2005). One of the areas covered by youth offending teams is to tackle anti-social behaviour which includes â€Å"harassment of residents or passers-by verbal abuse, criminal damage, vandalism, noise nuisance, graffiti, engaging in threatening behaviour in, large groups, smoking or drinking alcohol under age, substance misuse, joy-riding, begging, prostitution, kerb-crawling, throwing missiles, assault† and â€Å"vehicle-related nuisance† (YJB, 2005 pg 5). The old youth justice, proved by the Audit Commission (1996) caused high levels of crime such as â€Å"vandalism†, â€Å"thefts and burglaries†. This system was confirmed to be â€Å"inefficient and expensive† as it resulted to a little being done to tackle youth crime and showed high levels of re-offending. The Audit Commission in 1996 established a report ‘Misspent Youth’ where many recommendations were highlighted for the new youth justice (Goldson, 2000). The key recommendation in the report was to carry out â€Å"intervening† with youth in the early stages of their career so that their offending behaviour can be targeted. The White Paper ‘No More Excuses’ also stated that YOTs will need to, â€Å"Deliver community intervention programmes to make youngsters face up to the consequences of their crimes and learn to change the habits and attitudes which lead them into offending and anti-social behaviour. The programmes might adopt techniques such as: group work; family group conferencing and mentoring† (Home Office, 1997) Chapter 4 Is the emphasis tough on crime or tough on comers of crime? Look at the punishment and sentencing, public perception look at differences like police want tougher laws on youths but social workers think education and rehabilitation programmes are better .look at the Hansard arguments and news articles to see. How effective are the current strategies in place. Are they reducing the level of crime among youths? Are there different punishments for youths? Level of youths reoffending. Look in to Suggestions instead of punishments Chapter 5 Which interest groups are involved in creating youth offending policies, look at statistics from 2002/03and 2006/07 and compare the data see if the rates are falling etc and which crimes where low and high. Argue for and against punishment and prevention and punishment and rehabilitation. See in the results if punishment becoming harsher is better than the welfare state before and what is happing now such as Multi –Agencies. Also look at which types of youth offend and reoffend the reasons behind this. The statistics from 2002/03 compared with 2006/07. What is found and where should the YJS change and forces on etc. The main aim of the Criminal Justice System (CJS) is to prevent crime, â€Å"the police alone have been relatively ineffective agents of crime prevention† due to crime being a â€Å"multi-faceted in both its causes and effects† (Bateman, 2007). Multi-agency is a process that the Audit Commission believed would play a vital role to divert young people from the courts and prevent them from re-offending in which programmes set up by the Youth Offending Teams which will help them to change and also to face up to the harm caused due to their behaviour (Goldson, 2000). Local authorities (LA) gained a huge statutory responsibility in which they had to implement a multi-agency response to youth crime; previously it had been up to the LA to determine how they did so. The Crime and Disorder Act (CDA) â€Å"required all local authorities with social services and education responsibilities to replace social services youth justice team† (Burnett, 2005 pg 106) with Youth Offending teams. Each team consisted of â€Å"representatives from the local probation and police services, health, education and social services† (Burnett, 2005 pg 106). 14 pilot Youth Inclusion and Support Panels (YISPs) were set up in April 2003 by the Youth Justice Board. This was to target those who were likely to be at the risk of offending, the age range targeted was 8-13 year olds (Youth Justice Board, 2003). The Youth Justice Board (YJB) was first established in 1998 by the Labour Government in which their focus was on the Youth Justice System. YOTs are monitored by the YJB where their performance is measured and aims and objectives are given to them resulting to broad range of expectations that YOTs are supposed to fulfil hence a need for a broad range of expertise within the teams. It is essential for YOTs to develop â€Å"efficient administration of justice† so that when a young person breaks the law; their case is handled and dealt effectively and efficiently. It is vital for the offender to take responsibility for their offence so therefore the YOTs aim is to confront the individual in an appropriate manner so that effective communication is implemented. This will enable them to intervene with one another and discuss factors which causes the individual at a risk of offending. Punishment must be given to the offender which is proportionate to the seriousness of their crime and encouraging reparation to the victims by the offender. Parent responsibilities are also taken account of by the YOT’s and are reinforced. YOTs work with a range of services and interventions such as, â€Å"housing authorities, social services, housing providers and voluntary groups† (http://www.yjb.gov.uk ). The YJB sets out corporate targets for YOTs annually. The corporate objectives for 2006/07 to 2008/09 are divided into 3 sections: Reduce offending and the use of custody Support the youth justice system to reduce the number of first-time entrants to the youth justice system by 5% by March 2008 compared to the March 2005 baseline. Support the youth justice system to protect victims and communities by reducing re-offending by young offenders by 5% by March 2008 compared with the 2002/03 baseline, working towards a 10% reduction by the end of the decade. Support the youth justice system to, between 31 March 2005 and 31 March 2008, reduce the size of the under-18 custodial population by 10% through the implementation of the minimising the use of custody work programme. Improve outcomes for children and young people Support the youth justice system to improve the assessment of risk and need for young people who have offended, and improve their access to specialist and mainstream services that will address the factors identified. To ensure that YOTs have action plans in place to achieve equal treatment at local level for comparable offences by different ethnic groups and to deliver targeted prevention activity that substantially reduces local differences by ethnicity in recorded conviction rates, by March 2008. Safe and appropriate use of custody To ensure that all girls under 18 years of age who are remanded or sentenced to custody are accommodated in secure establishments that are separate from adults by October 2006, and replace 250 places for boys in shared adult sites with separate facilities by March 2008. (source: YJB, 2005 pg 6) These aims will help the members in the youth offending team to stay focus on the targets and will direct them to meet them, they are also able to carry out an effective service by â€Å"monitoring the treatment of young offenders and reducing inequalities†, â€Å"improving access to mainstream services† which will help to â€Å"increase confidence in the youth justice system† (YJB, 2005 pg 6). There are key aims that Rose Burnett has identified that underpin Youth Offending Teams that focus on preventing offending and effective practice is made easier by a multi-agency approach, that can respond to young people in an holistic fashion. â€Å"Youth justice workers should join forces with other professionals† this explored the argument regarding young people being related to problems such as â€Å"truancy, drug abuse and family breakdown† each being handled by â€Å"separate agencies† (Burnett, 2005 pg107). Due to YOTs this would prevent a â€Å"duplication of effort, inconsistencies and differences in emphasis† if the team worked effectively together tackling these problems (Burnett, 2005 pg107). â€Å"All parties should share the aim of preventing offending† as over time the approaches to the youth justice have altered which has caused a lot of confusion regarding the purpose and function of the youth justice system. The government established the paper â€Å"No More Excuses† in which they have stated their â€Å"intention to break with the previous culture of youth justice† where young people’s offending was exempt due to a concentration being on their â€Å"needs rather than their deeds† (Burnett, 2005 pg 107). The paper clearly identified the aims of â€Å"reducing crime by young people† which were given to the members of the Youth Offending Team (Burnett, 2005 pg 107). YOT’s work in partnership who works in conjunction with all other departments in order to achieve the aims set out. The youth offending teams work in a range of services such as, courts and the prison services, they are also involved in complementary inter-agency initiatives, such as child protection committees and community safety partnerships. The goal is to provide a â€Å"joined up†, corporate approach to preventing youth offending. Both the Government and the youth justice board emphasised that YOT’s were not intended to belong to any of the individual agencies. This is a partnership approach which is between all the parties (Burnett, 2005). There are many advantages of multi-agency working within a Youth Offending Team alongside disadvantages which cause areas of concern and which will have to be taken account of. To begin with the advantages of multi- agency working, by working within a Youth Offending Team will result to knowledge and skills being shared. Each member of the team will provide one another with the required information on an â€Å"informal, ad hoc basis† therefore there will be no need for them to â€Å"write off for information or wait for a return phone call† (Burnett, 2005 pg 109). This saves time and communication will be more effective and efficient. By working in the same office was believed to be a great advantage due to a quick access to information and advice (Burnett, 2004). A holistic approach is achieved due to all the representatives of â€Å"all the relevant disciplines† being under â€Å"one room† (Bateman et al, 2005 pg 109). If however, cases do arise which â€Å"lay outside the expertise of the responsible officer† then there is usually someone with the required â€Å"experience, â€Å"knowledge† and skills in the particular area to handle the problem and also recommend suggestions (Burnett, 2005 pg 109). This therefore portrays that multi-agency teams appear to be very beneficial as they bring together â€Å"seamless youth justice service closer† (Burnett, 2005 pg 109). The â€Å"availability of representatives from different services facilitate the referral of young people to those services† (Burnett, 2005 pg 109. This reduces lengthy waiting lists and also â€Å"complicated referral procedures† that are likely to occur. Opportunities of â€Å"having the right person in the right place at the right time† (Burnett, 2005 pg 109) are increased which is hassle free and more convenient for individuals. For instance young people who offend and get into trouble, frequently may have mental health problems for this reason having a health worker in the Youth Offending Team, who is an employee of Children and Adolescent mental health services would improve the access of YOT kids to such mainstream services. The same theory can be applied with education and children out of school. This illustrates that multi-agency teams are well placed to reintegrate socially excluded young people into mainstream provision. Focusing on the disadvantages of multi-agency working shows that, a YOT consists of people from different occupational backgrounds; therefore, this may cause cultural differences especially in the process of decision making and may result to conflicts and misunderstandings between the staff. This will have a negative impact upon the service of the YOT and cause implications for effective practice. Each member of the Youth Offending Team is recognised as a team and not an individual therefore when problems do arise there will be a high risk on the group as a whole for example on effective communication amongst the individuals. Looking at recent statistics the â€Å"Let’s Talk about It† report states â€Å"for youth Offending Teams to work effectively, there needs to be effective joint working across specialities†, 15% of the YOTs consisted of problems due to joint working between the specialist health and substance misuse workers and case managers. The reason for these problems was due to â€Å"the lack of adequate procedures for the sharing of information that affected many Youth Offending Teams† (Healthcare Commission, 2006). The multi-agency members may be part of one team but may receive different conditions to their service. For instance the â€Å"operational managers might receive lower salaries than some of the practitioners under their supervision† (Burnett, 2005 pg 109), this shows that conflicts may arise between the staff regarding different rewards being attained. This is also explored by Sampson et al (1988) where it can be seen that the police are often more dominating which results to them ignoring the multi agency team which may cause conflicts among the members of the team and shows how tensions between partners with different priorities can arise. â€Å"The police are often enthusiastic proponents of the multi-agency approach but they tend to prefer to set the agendas and to dominate forum meetings and then to ignore the multi-agency framework when it suits their own needs† (Sampson et al, 1998). There has been a debate whether the team members in a Youth Offending Team should be generalist or specialists. Research carried out on behalf of the YJB found out that, in practice â€Å"many specialist health, education and substance misuse staff are under pressure to undertake generic youth justice duties†. This shows an ongoing â€Å"difficulty of obtaining specialist services from outside of the YOT and contributes to a dilution of specialist provision within it† (Pitcher et al, 2004). A Youth Offending Team consists of members from different occupations for example a â€Å"police officer† or an â€Å"education worker† (Burnett, 2005 pg 109), by working in a YOT the members may lose their real identity and profession and for this reason they may not be able to bring their â€Å"distinctive professional contribution† into the YOT. There is a problem about generic versus specialist work, this looks at whether members in the YOT do a bit of everything or do work relating to their specialism therefore causes identity confusion. The work of multi-agency partnerships sounds good but the main question is does it work once it’s put in practice? Data from the ‘Agency Public Protection Arrangements Annual Report 2005/06’ (pg 21) shows five years on from the implementation of the Criminal Justice and Courts’ Services Act 2000 which established the Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements, also known as MAPPA. Within the five years (2001-2006) multi-agency partnerships have gained an achievement on employing a safer society for all however there is still a lot for them to do and to ensure that â€Å"arrangements are fit for their purpose and are applied across England and Wales†. The main aim of the MAPPA is to make the â€Å"communities safer and reducing re-offending† (National Offender Management Service, 2005/6 pg 21). Multi-agency is something which was created by the government in order for public services could work together to reduce costs, crime and create a more organised justice system. multi agency is the way forward according to the government who believe authorities such as police, social workers , welfare and Yots will work together this is to have a better understanding of the situation and there for make a more accurate decision. Punishment, prevention and rehabilitation issues would descused regarding the youth offender. It would depend on the crime, social wellbeing, education, poverty etc. Although research shows that multi agency partnership works but there are also many areas and cases created that should be looked into for improvement. This can be seen through the case of Victoria Climbie which took place in February, 2000. Victoria aged eight was living with her aunt Marie-Therese and her aunt’s boy friend Carl Manning in London. Victoria’s parents had sent her with her aunt due them believing she would gain a better future but instead she was suffering abuse by Carl Manning that led to her death. Inquiries after her death took place by Lord Laming which showed that multi-agency partnerships are partly responsible for the death due to the doctors, police and social workers being aware of the situation which could have been tackled and could have saved a life but instead there was a lack of communication amongst the multi-agency’s which caused them to be under the assumption that another agency had taken control of the case. For this reason Victoria was unable to gain the support and treatment that she required. This case allowed the work of multi-agency partnerships to be looked into to point out the areas of concern that had to be developed upon. One of the major concerns was the lack of staff. New approaches were introduced regarding children which is evident in the Green paper in 2003 where there government established ‘Every child matters’ that enabled children to retrieve a better and healthier life, it also addressed many changes to the work of multi-agency partnerships work such as data being accessed by all members in the agencies and recorded accurately, finance was also given ( £100,000) in order for them to develop upon sharing information between each profession. Children were also give more rights in which they were able to contact more than one service at anytime and there was also a need for assessments to be carried out which would require multi-agency teams to share data. These points will enable each member of the team to work more effectively alongside one another (www.community-care.co.uk). Another problem that has encountered can be seen through a recent report called â€Å"Let’s talk about it† by the Healthcare commission (2006) which shows that there is a problem with health and education not meeting standards. The report shows that â€Å"children and young people who offend have more health needs than the non-offending population of childrenThe provision of healthcare for them has improved, but it remains inadequate†. Therefore the healthcare organisations are required to contribute to youth justice in their area in order to reduce the factors that play a part in offending. The report portrays findings from 50 Youth Offending Teams in England and Wales carried out from September 2003 to April 2006. The findings illustrate that services should be made more accessible for children aged 16 and 17 as this is the age where individuals are likely to carry out serious crimes. Healthcare workers within the multi-agency partnerships provided services for the offender based on their â€Å"experience† and â€Å"specialities† rather than the needs of the individual which can have a positive and a negative response. Data shows that from â€Å"2004 onwards, CDRPs required to undertake an annual appraisal of their health. To be changed to 6 months following a review†, however out of the â€Å"20 projects studied over 18 months: 4 had completed, 6 still aiming to implement plans, 6 had abandoned some of their plans and 4 had made very little progress† (Hedderman e

The Reasons For American Economic Prosperity In The 1920s :: essays research papers

Why was there economic prosperity in American in the 1920’s? I know that America on it’s surface was prosperous during the 1920’s. I know this because of the physical signs, and the evidence I have found supporting this concept. Some of the physical signs of the then prosperity are evident today, like the skyscrapers and Empire State building. There were the inventions of manufactured fabrics and materials such as Bakelite, artificial silk and Cellophane. Airlines carried almost half a million passengers a year, which compared to Europe at the same time, was a massive number of people. In this essay I will analyse all the reasons behind the economic prosperity in 1920. World War 1 assisted America’s latter prosperity. Throughout the war American industry benefited, because countries that couldn’t buy goods from Europe, did so from America. And along with this Europe bought products from America, products that they weren’t producing while they were fighting. Furthermore, during the First World War, American banks lent money to their European Allies. In the 1920’s, this was being paid back with interest. The war had also led to advances in technology, such as mechanism and manufactured materials. Production of Iron Ore, coal, petrol and wheat and exportation of chemicals, wheat, iron and steal all had increased considerably by the end of the war. By the end of the war, America had decided to isolate itself from the problems of Europe, and set itself about making the most profit in business. This isolationism built up the confidence of the American people. An increase in personal wealth, demand and output production all helped America’s prosperity. Banks were eager to lend money to businesses and individual’s. With this easy money, and the introduction of hire-purchase schemes, the demand for products increased. Consumer spending was incredibly high, which is reflected in the statistic that in 1920 there were 312 department stores, and by 1929 there were 1395. There was a consumer boom. Business profits rose by 80% during this period, which in turn raised share dividends by 65%. Also some women had continued working as they had done through the war. Both of these elements contributed to giving people again, more money to spend. However, the availability of money was not the only reason for increased consumer spending. New inventions such as vacuum cleaners, refrigerators and washing machines became available, and advertising over the popular radio encouraged consumers to spend more on everyday products.

Response Paper on Black Elk Speaks

Nicholas Black Elk, Lakota visionary and healer communicates his painful conclusion to John G. Neihardt at the end of his interviews in the following way: â€Å"[†¦]The nation’s hoop is broken and scattered. There is no center any longer, and the sacred tree is dead†(207). After he narrates the unspeakable tragedy of his nation, the concluding lines mark the tragic end of a personal life and that of a national displacement. Black Elk Speaks reads as a mourning text, commemorating a cultural loss. Black Elk attributes the loss of cultural values to the symbolic loss of the circle, the location of the Power of the World. As in nature everything moves cyclically and repetitively, the life of Native Americans was also organized around this principle: they built their tepees on a circular frame and the community’s structure was also circular. â€Å"Our tepees were round like the nests of birds and these were always set in a circle, the nation’s hoop, a nest of many nests, where the Great Spirit meant for us to hatch our children (150-51)†. However, when they were moved to the grey, square houses of the reservation, this power was lost forever; despair, cultural displacement took the place of the older, happier days. What is to mourn the loss of identity? How to work through such a trauma? A form of individual and communal working-through can be found in the presence of dreams and in the decoding of their meanings. Native American dream-visions (also called prophetic dreams) were interpreted by the whole community, and functioned as healing, recuperating activities for the tribe. Freud in his Inhibitions, symptoms, and anxiety also emphasised that dreams can express and thereby help to deal with anxiety (77-172). In Black Elk Speaks the holy visionaries and medicine men serve as healers of the nation, but when they fail to interpret and fulfil their prophetic dreams, working-through becomes impossible for the community: â€Å"it is hard to follow one great vision in this world of darkness and of many changing shadows. Among those shadows men get lost† (Black Elk 192) and he also stresses while referring to the massacre at Wounded Knee that â€Å"a people’s dream died there. It was a beautiful dream† (Black Elk 207). Thus, the restoration of a cultural identity becomes impossible as Black Elk also fails to fulfill his mission he was given in his dream, that of healing, ameliorating individual and/or communal pains.

Timber Harvesting Methods That Encourage Forest Regeneration

Timber Harvesting Methods That Encourage Forest Regeneration A major portion of the practice of forestry silvicultural systems is timber harvesting methods designed to ensure successful and succeeding forest stands for the future. Without the application of these methods of reforestation, there would only be random tree stocking of both preferred and non-preferred species leading to major shortages of wood and trees demanded by the consumer. Nature, when left alone, uses its time-consuming natural process of reforestation and is appropriate in many situations. On the other hand, foresters may need to manage for a forests best use when forest owners and managers need reliable income and other necessities in an appropriate time frame. Many of the accepted forest regeneration concepts were first introduced to North America by German forestry professors during the late 19th Century. Germany had practiced these forest reproduction schemes for centuries and one of the earliest books on the subject was written by German forestry pioneer Heinrich Cotta during the late 17th century. These western European educated foresters were first to define the profession of forestry and became overseers of the training of foresters who managed large forest tracts owned by kings, aristocrats, and the ruling classes. These imported tree reproduction systems have continually evolved and developed into what are now used today. They are separated into classifications and used throughout the world where the practice of forestry and forest management is necessary to encourage sustainable forests. These classifications are conducted in logical sequence and the steps lead to healthy, well-stocked forests for future generations. The Classification of Tree Reproduction Methods Although there are innumerable combinations, for simplification we will list the six general reproduction methods listed by silviculturist D.M. Smith in his book, The Practice of Silviculture. Smiths book has been studied by foresters for decades and used as a proven, practical and widely accepted guide at the point where a timber harvest is necessary and where natural or artificial regeneration is the desired replacement. These methods have traditionally been called high-forest methods which produce stands originating from a remaining natural (using a high or aerial) seed source. The clear-cutting method is one exception where artificial planting, vegetative regeneration or seeding is necessary when the cut area limits complete reproductive tree seeding. Methods to Use When Even-Aged Management Is Preferred The Clearcutting Method - When cutting all trees and removing the entire stand that lays bare the ground, you have a clearcut. A clearing of all trees should be considered when residual trees are starting to lose economic value, when biologic over maturity leads to decadent stands, when the purity of a stand is compromised by cull and lower value trees, when the coppice method of regeneration is used (see below) or when disease and insect invasions threaten the loss of a stand. Clearcuts can be regenerated either by natural or by artificial means. To use a natural regeneration method means you must have an available seed source of a desired species in the area and a site/soil condition advantageous to seed germination. If and when these natural conditions are not available, artificial regeneration via nursery seedling plantings or prepared seed dispersal must be used. The Seed-tree Method - This method is simply what it suggests. Upon removing most of the mature timber, a small number of seed trees are left singly or in small groups to establish the next even-aged forest. In effect, you are not dependent on trees outside the cutting area but must be concerned about the trees you do leave as the seed source. The leave trees should be healthy and able to survive high winds, produce viable seeds prolifically and enough trees should be left to do the job. The Shelterwood Method - A shelterwood condition is left when a stand has had a series of cuttings over the period between establishment and harvest, often called the rotation period. These harvests and thinnings occur over a relatively short portion of the rotation by which the establishment of even-aged reproduction is encouraged under a partial shelter of seed trees. There are two objectives of a shelterwood cut - making ground space available by cutting trees of lowering value and using trees increasing in value as a seed source and for seedling protection as these trees continue to financially mature. You are maintaining the best trees to grow while cutting trees with a lower value for new understory seedling space. Obviously, this is not a good method where there will be only intolerant (light-loving tree species) tree seeds available to regenerate. The sequence of this particular method should be ordered by first making a preparatory cutting which prepares and stimulates seed trees for reproduction, then a seed tree cutting to further open vacant growing space for seeding; then a removal cutting which frees the established seedlings. Methods to Use When Uneven-Aged Management Is Preferred The Selection Method - The selection harvest method is the removal of mature timber, usually the oldest or largest trees, either as single scattered individuals or in small groups. Under this concept, the removal of these trees should never allow a stand to revert back to an even-age. Theoretically, this style of cutting can be repeated indefinitely with adequate wood harvest volumes. This selection method has the widest variety of interpretations of any cutting method. Many conflicting objectives (timber management, watershed and wildlife enhancement, recreation) must be considered and managed differently under this scheme. Foresters know they are getting it right when at least three well-defined age classes are maintained. Age classes are groups of similar aged trees ranging from sapling-sized trees to intermediate sized trees to trees approaching harvest. The Coppice-forest or Sprout Method -Â  The coppice method produces tree stands that originate mostly from vegetative regeneration. It can also be described as low forest regeneration in the form of sprouts or layered branches as opposed to the above examples of high forest seed regeneration. Many hardwood tree species and only a very few coniferous trees have the ability to sprout from roots and stumps. This method is limited to these woody plant types. Sprouting tree species respond immediately when cut and sprout with exceptional vigor and growth. They outpace seedling growth by far, especially when cutting is made during the dormant period but may suffer from frost damage if cut during the late growing season. A clear-cut is often the best cutting method.

The Wind That Shakes the Barley Essays

The Wind That Shakes the Barley Essays The Wind That Shakes the Barley Essay The Wind That Shakes the Barley Essay Patrick Jannings Yr 12 KEYS HOUSE English assignment 3A Q. 4 Visual texts are always intertextual. Discuss this notion referring to your viewing experiences this year. Texts are never viewed in isolation as we always view it through the prism of our previous encounters. Producers of visual texts rely on the viewers experiences to consume themselves in the text. The famous writer Michel Foucault once said that â€Å"a text is caught up in a system of references to other books, other texts, other sentences: it is a node within a network† The concept of intertextuality has definitely been taken into account in the production of the films â€Å"the Wind that Shakes the Barley†. In order to understand how the producer conveys his meaning and themes you must first fully understand the methods of construction and how these convey attitudes and values. In film a producer may use technical, symbolic, audio or written codes to convey his meaning of the text. Lighting plays a major part in the film â€Å"The Wind † The Irish weather has a slight affect as it is very soft, humid and cloudy. In various scenes in the film very foggy and rainy weather was evident. A very natural and soft light was seen throughout the movie as much of it was filmed outside where high tech lightening is not nessecerly a true representation of the films setting. The natural lighting was used to great effect using the particular instance of the scene where five or six members of the IRA are pictured walking slowly toward the camera out of the mist. The midst creates an eerie feeling in the air and this technique is used to great effect. Shot types play an essential role in constructing the text. The techniques used stayed pretty much the same even on a large and more action driven story. It seems that there is a simple positioning of the camera that just seems to flow from scene to scene. Most of the shots are long shots. What I found particularly affective in the film was the odd shot on the spectacular landscape. These shots are very intertextual as the beauty of the landscape tells a story in itself. Costume can be used as a powerful symbolic tool. Clothing can represent the time in which the film was set and therefore the characters can be shaped by the clothes they wear. The costumes in the film featured natural colors such as greens, browns and blues. These colors are dull and seemed to match the surrounding environment and represent the native Irish community in a time of struggle and low prosperity. One clever technique used in the film was the placement of distinguishable features on the main characters and let the lesser characters blend in with each other with similar clothes. For example Damien was distinguishble by his waistcoat and his hat and it was quite easy to make an association between the two. The setting in the film is one that is remembered by everyone who views it. The Irish landscape is well known around the world for its rugged and mysterious beauty. There is a particular scene in the film which outlines this point very well. It is the scene where Damien and another five or six other local IRA members leading the traitors Chris and Sir John Hamilton to there execution. The magnificent backdrop of the rugged mountain landscape with the glassy flowing rivers in the valley really typifies the beauty of the Irish country. This conflict between the splendor of the backdrop and the cruel execution of the young boy creates almost an atmosphere in itself and results in the scene being one of the most defining in the film. It must be understood that all filming was done in a small town by the name of West Cork in Ireland. Producers chose this town because it contained many historic architectural features of the 1920’s. Most of the houses are stone and are of muted and soft color. This seemed to compliment the environment of the setting but in no way stand out or create a distraction. Almost all of the music in the film is of Irish heritage and this illustrates Ken Loach ambition to promote the Irish culture. Irish Songs such as Oro Se do Bheatha Bhaile typify the Irish spirit within the film as it was written by nationalist leader Padraig Pearse and focuses upon republican themes. The majority of the characters in the film were of Irish background. This meant they spoke with the profound Irish accent and added to the sense of realism in the film. Many of the extras were also Irish and displayed the dominant features of the culture. One of the most important aspects in a feature film is the role of the characters. Characters in any text convey their personal qualities through dialogue and action by which the reader or audience understands their thoughts, feelings, intentions and motives. Characters either remain stable in their attitudes throughout the film or undergo personal development and change, whether through a gradual process or a crisis but in any case they usually remain consistent in their basic nature. The main characters of the film are Damien and Teddy. Damien is a medical student at University College Cork who has just qualified. He has won a place in London to train as a doctor and the idea of going to London, to be away from all of the fighting, is hugely attractive to him. After the influence of this brother Teddy and other dramatic events he decides to join the IRA in a dangerous and violent fight for freedom. Teddy is the experienced fighter who is headstrong and a leader of the group. Damien looks up to Teddy and gives him the upmost respect. These two characters share a unique brotherly bond and it is when the Free State Agreement is put forward that changes things forever. Members of the IRA suddenly looked to Teddy for political leadership and he struggled to cope with this. Teddy was a man of action and looks at things in a simple and pragmatic way. Damien is more of a thinker and one more suited for philosophical debate. The roles of these two characters seem to be reversed by the end of the film. Damien is the one who becomes firm and headstrong and teddy becomes muddled up tin the politics of it all and in the end becomes a strong believer in nothing. The way in which these two characters have been transformed over the duration of the film catches the attention of the viewer. The brotherly relationship and the split in opinions is something in which many brothers can relate to. In conclusion, â€Å"The wind that shakes the barley† directed by Ken Loach is a highly intertextual film. It contains technical, symbolic, audio and written codes which all work together to convey the message the producer is trying to get through to the viewer. The message of the infact is simple. It is a story driven by as deep sense of duty and love for ones country. It is a story of a fight against the odds with the message that there is always compromise in victory or defeat. news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/entertainment/5026620. stm www. opendemocracy. net/arts-Film/loach